HDFS 105 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I Defining theory development and culture II Major domains of development III Theories of development and the people who are associated with each theory Outline of Current Lecture I Descriptions of research methods and their advantages disadvantages II Ethical standards for research Current Lecture I Longitudinal Study A Study people for a period of years same group of people B Ex Head Start Study i Age 4 to 3rd grade head start and non head start kids at same level ii High school studies have shown that head start kids had fewer dropouts less trouble with law more had jobs after high school C Problems i Takes too long to get results ii High cost of sustained research iii People miss appointments dropouts iv People left may be a biased sample v Subjects may become test wise vi Major social political event may happen may change the data war II Cross Sectional Study A Study a variety of ages to get an idea of what will likely happen over time B Advantages over longitudinal study i Less time to complete to study ii Most of the problems w longitudinal studies disappear time cost dropouts C Problems i Participants are not really the same ii It requires more participants iii Cohort Effect 1 One of the age groups may have been through something to make them different war depression political event III Case Study These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute IV V VI VII VIII A Long term study of one person B Advantages details insights C Disadvantages relevance to only that person cannot be used to predict development of others Experimental Method A Manipulation of variables to find a cause B Dependent variable what happened C Independent variable what caused the effect D Control group E Ex Medical experiment F Problems i People behave differently in experimental situations especially children ii With people 1 cannot control all of the variables Naturalistic Observation A Watch and record behavior without interference in the environment B Advantage people behave normally C Disadvantages i Can t control variables test cause and effect ii Observers use different techniques for recording observations Are they equal iii Observers disagree about what they saw Social Survey A Study large groups often with questionnaires or phone polling B Used often by sociologists C Used in political polls D Advantage large numbers of people can be use in a study E Problems i Respondents may not give truthful statements ii You may get a biased response sample ex Only middle class people iii Validity problems with children need to feel comfortable Cross Cultural Study A Helps determine what is dependent on culture B Compares data b w cultures countries or societies C Helps us see our own cultural biases D Problems i Interpreting findings ii Ex Study showed Mexican children shared better BUT b c those kids were from rural settings US kids were from urban settings Ethnography A Field research that uses naturalistic observation to document a particular context B Goal to grasp human development from a culture s point of view C Why Development is bound to particular contexts in cultural life IX Ethical Standards for Research A Responsible for welfare of subjects i Risks ii Benefits iii Informed consent iv Confidentiality v Deception