HDFS 105 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. Defining theory, development, and cultureII. Major domains of development III. Theories of development and the people who are associated with each theoryOutline of Current Lecture I. Descriptions of research methods and their advantages/disadvantagesII. Ethical standards for researchCurrent LectureI. Longitudinal StudyA. Study people for a period of years (same group of people) B. (Ex.) Head Start Study i. Age 4 to 3rd grade- head start and non head start kids at same levelii. High school- studies have shown that head start kids had fewer dropouts, less trouble with law, more had jobs after high school C. Problemsi. Takes too long to get results ii. High cost of sustained researchiii. People miss appointments, dropouts iv. People left may be a biased samplev. Subjects may become "test-wise"vi. Major social/political event may happen- may change the data (war) II. Cross-Sectional StudyA. Study a variety of ages to get an idea of what will likely happen over timeB. Advantages over longitudinal studyi. Less time to complete to studyii. Most of the problems w/ longitudinal studies disappear (time, cost, drop-outs)C. Problemsi. Participants are not really the same ii. It requires more participants iii. Cohort Effect1. One of the age groups may have been through something to makethem different (war, depression, political event) III. Case StudyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.A. Long term study of one personB. Advantages: details, insights C. Disadvantages: relevance to only that person, cannot be used to predict development of others IV. Experimental MethodA. Manipulation of variables to find a causeB. Dependent variable- what happenedC. Independent variable- what caused the effectD. Control groupE. (Ex.) Medical experiment F. Problemsi. People behave differently in experimental situations, especially childrenii. With people, 1 cannot control all of the variables V. Naturalistic ObservationA. Watch and record behavior without interference in the environment B. Advantage- people behave normally C. Disadvantagesi. Can't control variables, test cause and effectii. Observers use different techniques for recording observations. Are they equal?iii. Observers disagree about what they sawVI. Social SurveyA. Study large groups, often with questionnaires or phone pollingB. Used often by sociologists C. Used in political pollsD. Advantage- large numbers of people can be use in a study E. Problemsi. Respondents may not give truthful statementsii. You may get a biased response sample (ex. Only middle-class people) iii. Validity problems with children (need to feel comfortable) VII. Cross-Cultural StudyA. Helps determine what is dependent on cultureB. Compares data b/w cultures, countries, or societies C. Helps us see our own cultural biasesD. Problemsi. Interpreting findings ii. (Ex.) Study showed Mexican children shared better BUT b/c those kids were from rural settings. US kids were from urban settings. VIII. EthnographyA. Field research that uses naturalistic observation to document a particular contextB. Goal- to grasp human development from a culture's point of viewC. Why? Development is bound to particular contexts in cultural life IX. Ethical Standards for ResearchA. Responsible for welfare of subjectsi. Risksii. Benefitsiii. Informed consentiv. Confidentialityv.