SPHS-S 110 1nd Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture I. Types of fluency disordersII. What is fluent speech? III. What is disfluent speech?IV. Types of disfluenciesa. Other “normal”b. Stuttering-likeV. What is stuttering?VI. How is stuttering identified?VII. Basic Facts of stutteringVIII. Spontaneous recovery and risk factorsIX. Early stutteringX. Intermediate stutteringXI. Advanced stutteringXII. What causes stuttering? XIII. Fluency assessment Outline of Current Lecture I. VoiceII. Components of VoiceThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Pitchb. Loudnessc. QualityIII. Three Subsystems of voice production a. Respirationb. Phonationc. ResonanceIV. Histological LayersV. Length of Vocal FoldsVI. What is a voice disorder?VII. Prevalence of voice disordersVIII. Types of Voice disordersa. Abnormality of tissueb. Abnormality of neural innervation c. Abnormality of useIX. Vocal NodulesCurrent LectureI. Voice- Sound produced by the vocal organ of a vertebrate, especially a human- Expiration of air through vibrating vocal folds, used in the production of vowels and voiced consonants- “Phonation” or voicingII. Components of Voicea. Pitch- Property of sound that varies with variation in the frequency of vibration- Determined by tension, mass, and lengthb. Loudness- Property of sound that varies with variation in the amplitude of vibration- Psychological correlate of intensity - Determined by subglottal pressure, medial compression of the vocal folds, and vibratory amplitudec. Quality- Uniqueness of voice separate from pitch and loudness- Clear, rough, breathing, pressed, hoarse, and harsh- Vocal tract resonance: hypernasal/hyponasal, deep voice, thin voiceIII. Three subsystems of voice productiona. Respiration - Power source- Lungs, diaphragm, rib cage, chest musclesb. Phonation- Larynx, vocal foldsc. Resonance- Vocal tract (filter), nasal cavity, pharynx IV. Histological Layers- Epithelium- Lamina Propria: Superficial, intermediate, deep- VocalisV. Length of Vocal Folds- About half an inch long- Male: vocal folds are 1.6cms long and vibrate at 120 times in one second- Female: vocal folds are 1cm long and vibrate at 200 times in one secondVI. What is a voice disorder? - Abnormal voice quality resulting from anatomic, physiological, or psychogenic causes- Voice that draws attention to itself1. Pitch, loudness, quality2. Inappropriate (age, gender, situation)3. Doesn’t serve occupational needs4. Fatigue, projection, range5. Voice is unattractive VII. Prevalence of Voice Disorders- Differs with age, gender, definition and vocal needs (children 5-24%; adults 3-15%)- Singers at risk but no figures available- Occupational risks: increased numbers in teachers- Personality may also put individuals at risk for developmental of voice problemVIII. Types of Voice Disordersa. Abnormality of tissue- Aka structural voice disorders- Vocal nodules- Granuloma- Reinke’s edemab. Abnormality of neural innervation - Aka neurogenic voice disorders- Vocal fold paralysis- Parkinson’s disease- Spasmodic dysphoniac. Abnormality of Use- Aka functional/behavioral voice disorders- Mutational falsetto- Muscle tension dysphonia IX. Voice Nodules- Have to be bilateral- Located along the anterior to posterior margins- Two types: Soft/pliable and Firm/hard- Main treatment: voice