SPHS-S 110 1nd Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I. Joint Reference and AttentionA. Two or more individuals focus on some external object or event, 6-12 monthsof age (“magic triangle”)B. Requires ability to orient to social partner, coordinate and shift attention between people and object, and share and interpret affect or emotional statesC. Sharing attention: from very early age, human infants are motivated to share interest and attention II. Joint attention and language- Critical for learning words- Adults provide joint attention cues when speaking- Infants make use of clues- Infant vocabulary acquisition increases when parents follow infants focus of attentionIII. Rituals of Infancy/Daily caregiver routines- Feeding, bathing and dressing provide opportunities for learning language- Quantity and quality of input children receive paves the way for later language developmentA. Games and routines: peek-a-boo, ring around the roasy, itsby bitsy spider, highly structured, predictable, conventionalized, turn-taking roles are reversible B. Caregiver responsiveness: language learning is best when adults build on children’s interestIV. Child directed speech- Help infants master language by talking in distinctive style (high pitch)- Children pay attention to melodic features of speech- Words and meanings are irrelevant at this stage- Prepares children for taking part in later language developmentV. Characteristics of child directed speech- Exaggerated pitch (higher than normal)- Rhythmic, melodic, sing-song- Slower (longer pauses, lengthening of syllables)- Repetition of wordsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Simplified vocab- Short sentences- Exaggerated facial gestures- Common throughout the world, but not universalVI. Infant speech perception- Babies learn about language long before they utter their first word- At birth, babies recognize their mother’s voice over strange females- Recognize own language over foreign language- Can remember stories and songs they heard while in utero- Can discriminate between phonemes found in all the world’s language- Biologically prepared to learn language VII. Recap/Foundation of communicative competence - Biological inheritance- Caregivers attention and sensitivityVIII. Major Communicative Milestones- Birth-2 months: prefer human voice, vowel and nasal sounds, different cries for different needs, “aaah”- 4-6 months: first consonant sounds, whispers, squeals, growls, “baba”- 8-12 months: first word- 18-24 months: pointing, simple sentences, vocabulary spurt- 2.5-3 years: complex sentences- 4-5 years: humor, more complex sentences, maintain conversationIX. Vocabulary Tract Anatomy- Larynx (voice box): at birth, relatively high and different from adults- At 3 months, descends deep into throat, opening pharynx that allows tongue to produce vowels X. BabblingA. Marginal: first recognizable consonants, NOT used for communication B. Canonical: consists of reduplicated C-V syllables, NOT used for communication, initially contain sounds from virtually every language, deaf infants rarely produce this babblingC. Variegated: varies use of syllablesOutline of Current Lecture XI. Energy XII. BreathingXIII. Vocal folds, cords, and tractXIV. Measuring Speech ProductionXV. Source-filter theoryCurrent LectureXI. Energy- Energy source for speech production comes from the lungs- When we produce speech no air is coming in or outXII. Breathing- Should be energy efficient- Diaphragm lowers when you breathe in and rises when you breathe out- Muscles between ribs and diaphragm are muscles involved in breathing- Speech is pressure changes over timeXIII. Vocal folds, cords, and tract- Vocal folds is the speech maker-chops air flow and creates frequencies - Need spring elasticity and mass for vocal cords to go back and forth- Vibrates at particular frequency called resonance (males 100, females, 200, children 300)- Need lots of frequencies to produce speech- Vocal fold vibration has to be nonlinear, not continuous, open and close at different times-harmonics - Vocal tract changes shape so we can make difference speech sounds- Vocal tract influences vocal folds, this whole process is interdependent XIV. Measuring Speech Production- Sound, electros, airflow, and nasometryXV. Source-filter theory- Describes speech production, vocal folds (source), vocal tract (filter), radiation characteristic