BIOSC 150 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 16Lecture 1 - Study of LipidsLipid- a catchall term for carbon containing compounds that are found in organisms and are largely nonpolar and hydrophobic (meaning they don’t dissolve in water)- Lipids are hydrocarbons (molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen)- The reason lipids don’t dissolve in water is because their hydrocarbon componentWhere do you find lipids in a cell?- Cell membranes- Huge droplets in adipose cells that are used for energy storage, cushioning, or insulation- Large droplets in mammary cellsLecture 2 - Study of DNATranscription- the process from DNA to RNA, process occurs in the nucleus-Small differences in DNA can change an entire organism-Not all cells contain the same DNA; antibodies will cause slight shifts in DNA strands-Two nucleic acids run anti-parallel in a DNA double helix-Base pairing occurs between DNA and RNA and allows for transcription to occur and the formation of hydrogen bondsLecture 3- Study of Proteins-Proteins have multiple structures and therefore many functions; including catalysis, transportation, defense, structure, movement, signaling, and regulate gene expressionSecondary Structure- some regions fold into helices or pleats Tertiary structure- bending and folding determined by R-group interactions-Proteins always build from 1 prime to 3 prime with regards to structureLecture 4- Study of Proteins-It is known that the structure of a protein is essential because if the protein is unfolded it cannot perform the same function-Protein structure and function is diverse-Enzymes contain “active site” clefts – this is where substrates are bonded and its job is doneDetergent- hides hydrophobic groups (so water doesn’t push it back together)Hemoglobin- a protein that transports oxygen and is composed of 4 polypeptides coded for by 2DNA genesLecture 5- Study of Hemoglobin-Sickle cells block blood flow leading to pain and swellinga) Sickle cells are sticky and stiffb) The stiffness and stickiness leads to the blockage-Oxygen concentration is high in the lungs and low in peripheral tissues-Sickle red blood cells are filled with fibers, normal cells are not filled with fibers-One may perform a test to determine which biomolecule makes up the sickle cella) The cell could be composed of lipids, carbs, proteins, or nucleic acidb) A possible test would include using specific dyes to identify the biomoleculec) Another test would include adding particular reagents to the cell*The fibers are composed of abnormal hemoglobin protein*Lecture 6- Study of Membranes -Movement across the membrane can be measured-Experiments measure membrane permeability-Chemicals establish equilibrium across a permeable membrane by random movements-Membranes also contain embedded proteins and glycoproteins-Membrane proteins do many jobs1. Transporters2. Anchors3. Receptors4. Enzymes-Membranes are highly selectiveLecture 7- Study of Disease (Cystic Fibrous)What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis?a) Appearance of being emaciatedb) Sweat is saltyc) Trouble breathingd) Mucous build up in lungsWhat is the cause of cystic fibrosis?a) Hydrophobic chain (trans membrane domains)b) Chlorine ion unable to escape the cell membraneHow to isolate the membrane protein:1. Add detergents2. Binding takes place by the detergent3. Isolation of the protein bound-CFTR (the protein responsible for cystic fibrosis) purification is analyzed by gel electrophoresisLecture 8- Tenets of Cell TheoryTenets of cell theory:1. Cells are the fundamental units of life2. All organisms are composed of cells3. All cells come from pre-existing cellsThe tree of life:1. Bacteria + Achaea =Prokaryotes2. EukaryotesHow can we study cells?1. Microscopes2. Breaking the cell, take out the contents of the cell, and fractionateElectron Microscopy- for detailed analysis of subcellular structures and surfacesa) Transmission electron microscopy- high magnification of cross sectionsb) Scanning electron microscopy- lower magnification of surfacesLecture 9- Study of Subcellular StructuresThree types of filamentous proteins comprising the cytoskeleton:1. Microfilaments(actin) – small diameter, polymer made of actin monomers2. Intermediate Filaments – intermediate diameter, polymer made of various proteins depending on the cell type3. Microtubules – large diameter, polymer made of the proteins alpha and beta tubulin-Cytoskeletal filaments are long chains made up of repeating protein subunits (monomers)Microfilaments:-A subunit of actin-Chain, wounded to form a double helix (long strands)-Two forms of actin: 1. Globular 2. Filamentous, are constantly interconverting -Requires energy in the form of ATPLecture 10- Study of Subcellular StructuresIntermediate filaments- provide the cell with tensile strength1. Long chains, more elongated than actin2. Huge diverse array3. Rope-like structure4. Good to resist tense forces5. Can distinguish different cell types-IF cell type can help to show the origin of the cell type therefore determining a treatment plan for cancer, in particular Metastatic cancerDemosomes- intermediate filaments that are critical for cell-cell interactionsHemidesomes- intermediate filaments critical for cell-substratum interactionsLecture 11- Study of Protein SynthesisSteps in Protein Synthesis:1. Transcribe – information encoded by DNA into mRNA2. Translate – information encoded by mRNA into proteins3. Fold and modify proteins4. Deliver proteins to their proper place within or outside the cellThe Nucleus:-Largest organelle-Functions: DNA replication, transcription, mRNA processing, ribosome assemblyNuclear envelope- double membrane, selectively permeable barrierNuclear Envelopes Roles:1. Regulates traffic to protect and separate 2. Imports nucleotides for DNA and proteins3. Exports mRNA and ribosomes4. All traffic in and out of nucleus goes through the nuclear poresNuclear pores- connection between the nucleus and nuclear envelopeLecture 12- Lysosomes and SERLysosomes- cell’s recycling center of acid hydrolases-All lysosomal hydrolases are tagged with mannose-6-phosphate in the Golgi-Lysosomes recycle damaged organelles and degrade engulfed partcilesSmooth ER VS Rough ER:-The SER does not contain ribosomes-The SER is the primary site of phospholipid synthesis-The SER is the site of cholesterol and steroid synthesis-The SER is an important site for calcium storage-The SER is critical for