Stanford University Environment & Energy Building Life Cycle Analysis - Photovoltaic Systems Black Water SystemsDaylight HarvestingHVAC SystemIIIIII IVPV SystemsGreen RoofEnergy RecoveryWaterless UrinalsWater SystemsDaylight HarvestingHVAC SystemIIIIII IVPV SystemsGreen RoofEnergy RecoveryWaterless UrinalsStanford University Environment & Energy Building Life Cycle Analysis - Photovoltaic Systems April 2006 This report takes into account the particular instructions and requirements of our client. It is not intended for and should not be relied upon by any third party and no responsibility is undertaken to any third party Ove Arup & Partners California Ltd 901 Market Street, Suite 260, San Francisco, CA 94103 Tel +1 415 957 9445 Fax +1 415 957 9096 www.arup.com Job number 130688J:\130688\4 INTERNAL PROJECT DATA\4-04 CALCULATIONS\MECH\LCCA\PV\040406_E&E LCA PV SYSTEMS_WEXPANDED APPENDIX_FINAL.DOC Ove Arup & Partners California Ltd Issue April 4, 2006 Document VerificationPage 1 of 1 Job number Job title Environment & Energy Building 130688 File reference Document title Life Cycle Analysis - Photovoltaic Systems Document ref Revision Date Filename Description First draft Prepared by Checked by Approved by Name CR/AK CR AMc Draft 1 04/04/06 Signature AMc approved on 02.13.06 (CR) Filename 040406_E&E LCA PV Systems_wExpanded Appendix_DW_final.doc Description Added appendices B & C Prepared by Checked by Approved by Name CR/AK CR AMc Issue 04/04/06 Signature Filename Description Prepared by Checked by Approved by Name Signature Filename Description Prepared by Checked by Approved by Name Signature Issue Document Verification with Document Stanford University Environment & Energy BuildingLife Cycle Analysis - Photovoltaic Systems J:\130688\4 INTERNAL PROJECT DATA\4-04 CALCULATIONS\MECH\LCCA\PV\040406_E&E LCA PV SYSTEMS_WEXPANDED APPENDIX_FINAL.DOC Ove Arup & Partners California Ltd Issue April 4, 2006 CONTENTS Page 1 Executive Summary 1 2 Project Description 2 3 Objective 4 4 LCCA Metrics and Criteria 4 5 Alternatives to be Studied 4 6 Scenario Analysis 5 7 Scenarios – Sensitivity Analysis 5 8 Additional Considerations – Potential Role of Incentives, Performance of Thin Films, True Value of Generated Electricity, 8 9 Intangibles and Externalities 11 10 Conclusion and Recommendation 12 Appendix A Senarios Summary Appendix B Sensitivity Graphic Summary by Technology Appendix C Technology Specific SummaryStanford University Environment & Energy BuildingLife Cycle Analysis - Photovoltaic Systems J:\130688\4 INTERNAL PROJECT DATA\4-04 CALCULATIONS\MECH\LCCA\PV\040406_E&E LCA PV SYSTEMS_WEXPANDED APPENDIX_FINAL.DOC Page 1 Ove Arup & Partners California Ltd Issue April 4, 2006 As an outgrowth of the Environment & Energy schematic design process, three photovoltaic scenarios underwent Life Cycle Cost Analysis to determine the economic viability of the strategies, determine the sensitivity of each strategy to given assumptions, and improve Stanford knowledge as to project rationale in light of notable “intangibles and externalities”. The results suggest that the Demonstrative Scenario has the strongest potential to be both economically justifiable and educational. This scenario emphasized a balance between first cost and power production while emphasizing life cycle cost effectiveness, building integration into multiple locations, and the use of different technologies. Thin film technology is assumed to be incorporated into the south roof (displacing clay roof tiles), monocrystalline modules sandwiched between glass with transparent interstitial spaces (forming a patchwork pattern) are assumed to be incorporated into each atria (displacing fritted glass), and etched thin film is assumed to be incorporated into external shades over south windows (displacing extruded aluminum shades). No scenario offered an attractive economic return using the Stanford Guidelines for Life Cycle Analysis. Sensitivity analysis, however, demonstrated that the thin film technology on the south roof is life cycle cost effective (with a payback of ~8 yrs), that true valuation of the electricity produced may result in paybacks in ~10 years for two of the three scenarios, and that incentives held the possibility of making all scenarios very attractive on an economic basis. All scenarios offer significant intangible benefits, including but not limited to: • Educational Potential • Peak Power Delivery • Architectural Impact • “Good Neighbor” Status • Prestige Among Stanford’s Peer Group • Performance Criteria & LEED™ Synergy Additional key topics such as the role of electricity cost, future electricity escalation and the role of incentives were identified, as well as the importance intangibles play in the decision making process.Stanford University Environment & Energy BuildingLife Cycle Analysis - Photovoltaic Systems J:\130688\4 INTERNAL PROJECT DATA\4-04 CALCULATIONS\MECH\LCCA\PV\040406_E&E LCA PV SYSTEMS_WEXPANDED APPENDIX_FINAL.DOC Page 2 Ove Arup & Partners California Ltd Issue April 4, 2006 The new Stanford Environment & Engineering Building (E+E) aspires to elevate the level of attention paid to electrical energy as a resource. This aspiration is driven by a recognition of the impacts of energy consumption on the broader environment, by an awareness of the increasing risk associated with limited supply amidst growing demand, and lastly as a natural progression of what has long been a University wide desire to sustain itself within the natural limits of its environment. As an outgrowth of this aspiration and in an effort to employ an increasing commitment to life cycle thinking, Stanford has commissioned a detailed study of photovoltaic system scenarios within the framework of a Life Cycle Cost Analysis. Emphasis on Cost (Cost Scenario) This scenario emphasized the lowest first cost investment by incorporating technologies that benefited most from offset material costs by having low cost per unit area. Thin film technology is assumed to be incorporated into the south roof (displacing clay roof tiles). Etched thin film is assumed to be incorporated into each
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