Model for Sustainable Urban Design With Expanded Sections on Distributed Energy Resources Prepared by Sustainable Energy Planning Office Gas Technology Institute Prepared for Oak Ridge National Laboratory Under Contract 4000021368 GTI Project 30803 23 88018 65952 Primary Authors Una McGeough Doug Newman Jay Wrobel FEBRUARY 28 2004 DISCLAIMER LEGAL NOTICE This report was prepared by Gas Technology Institute GTI as an account of work sponsored by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory ORNL Neither ORNL GTI nor any person acting on behalf of either a Makes any warranty or representation express or implied with respect to the accuracy completeness or usefulness of the information contained in this report or that the use of any information apparatus method or process disclosed in this report may not infringe privately owned rights or b Assumes any liability with respect to the use of or for any and all damages resulting from the use of any information apparatus method or process disclosed in this report TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS III PURPOSE CONTENT 1 I URBAN SUSTAINABILITY DEFINITION CONTEXT 1 DEFINITION 1 CONTEXT AMERICAN METROPOLITAN EVOLUTION 2 CONTEXT EMERGING TRENDS 5 II RESOURCE CONSUMPTION LAND USE TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT 7 III URBAN DESIGN CHALLENGES SOLUTIONS 9 Land Use Urban Sprawl 10 Population Growth Decline 11 Unsustainable Energy Resources 12 Transportation Congestion Air Emissions 12 Degradation of Surface Ground Potable Water Supplies 13 Inadequate Economic Development 13 Affordable Housing Supply 14 Insufficient Governance 14 Unsustainable Building Practices 14 IV TOWARD A MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLES ELEMENTS 15 PRINCIPLES FOR URBAN SUSTAINABILITY 15 DESIGN PRINCIPLES 15 UNIFIED DESIGN CONCEPT 16 DESIGN ELEMENTS 17 Natural Systems 17 Land Use Systems 18 Mobility Systems 20 Energy Systems 20 Environmental Management Systems 23 Building Systems 24 Governance Systems 25 V CASE STUDY THE SAN DIEGO TIJUANA BINATIONAL METROPOLITAN REGION 26 REGIONAL OVERVIEW 27 Study Area 27 Population Growth 28 Land Scarcity and Urban Sprawl 29 Habitat and Species Loss 29 Traffic Congestion and Air Quality Degradation 30 Water Scarcity and Degradation 30 Energy Security 30 Housing Affordability 30 Solid Waste Disposal 31 Economic Disparity 31 Fragmented Governance 31 The Challenge Ahead 31 THE SAN DIEGO TIJUANA METROPOLITAN REGION IN 2103 32 Vision of the Future Spatial Design and Mobility 32 Regional Urban Structure 33 Transportation System 34 Community of the Future International Border Zone IBZ 37 International Border Zone Building Systems 39 iii Sustainable Energy System 40 Sustainable Water Supply and Wastewater Management 43 The Obsolescence of Waste 44 Economic Integration and Sustainable Development 44 Sustainable Social and Governance Systems 46 Sustainable Environment 47 EVOLUTIONARY ROAD MAP 47 Introduction 47 Planning Period I ca 2003 to ca 2036 48 Planning Period II ca 2037 to ca 2070 52 Planning Period III ca 2071 to ca 2103 54 CONCLUSION 56 VI STRATEGIC PLANNING FRAMEWORK ACTIONS FOR URBAN SUSTAINABILITY 56 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANNING PHASES OUTPUTS 58 ACTIONS ALL COMMUNITIES CAN TAKE TODAY TO MOVE TOWARDS A MORE SUSTAINABLE FUTURE 62 NOTES 63 Note A Jury for the International Competition for Sustainable Urban Design 63 Note B San Diego Tijuana Design Project Tasks Subtasks 63 REFERENCES 65 APPENDIX 1 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER SYSTEMS 66 INTRODUCTION 66 CHARACTERISTICS OF CHP 68 Efficiency 68 Emissions 68 CHP Economics 69 CHP Public Policy 70 CHP DRIVERS SUPPORT EFFORTS AND APPLICATIONS 70 Industrial CHP 71 CHP for Buildings BCHP 71 DISTRICT ENERGY 72 Municipal District Energy 73 CHP on Campus 75 CHP OUTLOOK A BRIDGE TECHNOLOGY TO THE FUTURE 76 APPENDIX 2 NEIGHBORHOOD SYSTEMS FLOW 78 APPENDIX 3 NEIGHBORHOOD WASTE WATER FLOW 79 iv PURPOSE CONTENT Today 80 of the U S population lives in urban areas and more than half live within the 25 largest cities American cities and towns now account for over 80 of our national energy usage and urban development patterns affect approximately 70 of that consumption This document describes a model design for urban development and redevelopment that will significantly reduce urban energy consumption and enable all American cities to become more sustainable communities It is intended for municipal officials planning commissioners planners architects and private developers interested in building urban communities that are more livable than existing communities Section I defines urban sustainability describes the historical context for the prevailing urban development patterns in the nation today and identifies several emerging trends that will impact all communities seeking sustainability Section II discusses the essential linkages between material and energy resource consumption and land use and transportation development patterns Section III frames the major challenges for urban design and provides proposed solutions offered by some of the leading experts on the subject from around the world Section IV translates this expert input into a set of principles and elements suitable for sustainable urban system design in America Section V provides a case study in which these model principles and elements are applied in a sustainable urban design for one of the nation s most complex metropolitan areas the San Diego Tijuana Binational Metropolitan Region This design also incorporates the latest thinking of experts from a variety of fields with regard to emergent technologies that will enable all cities to become more sustainable in the future Section VI completes the model design with a framework for strategic urban planning and a set of immediate actions all communities can take to become more sustainable today I URBAN SUSTAINABILITY DEFINITION CONTEXT DEFINITION The term urban sustainability can be defined as the state a metropolitan community reaches once it is able to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs This paraphrases the most commonly accepted definition of sustainable development in the world today This definition appeared in 1987 when the United Nation s World Commission on Environment and Development published its famous report entitled Our Common Future The central thesis of this report is that economic growth and development and environmental preservation are not mutually exclusive objectives but rather are mutually supportive and
View Full Document
Unlocking...