DAP Spr.‘98 ©UCB 1Lectures 1: Review of Technology Trends and Cost/PerformanceProf. David A. PattersonComputer Science 252Spring 1998DAP Spr.‘98 ©UCB 2Original Food Chain PictureBig Fishes Eating Little FishesDAP Spr.‘98 ©UCB 31988 Computer Food ChainPCWork-stationMini-computerMainframeMini-supercomputerSupercomputerMassively Parallel ProcessorsDAP Spr.‘98 ©UCB 41998 Computer Food ChainPCWork-stationMainframeSupercomputerMini-supercomputerMassively Parallel ProcessorsMini-computerNow who is eating whom?ServerDAP Spr.‘98 ©UCB 5Why Such Change in 10 years?• Performance– Technology Advances» CMOS VLSI dominates older technologies (TTL, ECL) in cost AND performance– Computer architecture advances improves low-end » RISC, superscalar, RAID, …• Price: Lower costs due to …– Simpler development» CMOS VLSI: smaller systems, fewer components– Higher volumes» CMOS VLSI : same dev. cost 10,000 vs. 10,000,000 units – Lower margins by class of computer, due to fewer services• Function– Rise of networking/local interconnection technologyDAP Spr.‘98 ©UCB 6YearTransistors1000100001000001000000100000001000000001970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000i80386i4004i8080Pentiumi80486i80286i8086Technology Trends: Microprocessor CapacityCMOS improvements:• Die size: 2X every 3 yrs• Line width: halve / 7 yrs“Graduation Window”Alpha 21264: 15 millionPentium Pro: 5.5 millionPowerPC 620: 6.9 millionAlpha 21164: 9.3 millionSparc Ultra: 5.2 millionMoore’s LawDAP Spr.‘98 ©UCB 7Memory Capacity (Single Chip DRAM)sizeYearBits10001000010000010000001000000010000000010000000001970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000year size(Mb) cyc time1980 0.0625 250 ns1983 0.25 220 ns1986 1 190 ns1989 4 165 ns1992 16 145 ns1996 64 120 ns2000 256 100 nsDAP Spr.‘98 ©UCB 8Technology Trends(Summary)Capacity Speed (latency)Logic 2x in 3 years 2x in 3 yearsDRAM 4x in 3 years 2x in 10 yearsDisk 4x in 3 years 2x in 10 yearsDAP Spr.‘98 ©UCB 9Processor PerformanceTrendsMicroprocessorsMinicomputersMainframesSupercomputersYear0.111010010001965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000DAP Spr.‘98 ©UCB 10Processor Performance(1.35X before, 1.55X now)02004006008001000120087 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97DEC Alpha 21264/600DEC Alpha 5/500DEC Alpha 5/300DEC Alpha 4/266IBM POWER 100DEC AXP/500HP 9000/750Sun-4/260IBMRS/6000MIPS M/120MIPS M20001.54X/yrDAP Spr.‘98 ©UCB 11Performance Trends(Summary)• Workstation performance (measured in Spec Marks) improves roughly 50% per year (2X every 18 months)• Improvement in cost performance estimated at 70% per yearDAP Spr.‘98 ©UCB 12Measurement and EvaluationDesignAnalysisAnalysisArchitecture is an iterative process:• Searching the space of possible designs• At all levels of computer systemsCreativityGood IdeasGood IdeasMediocre IdeasBad IdeasCost /PerformanceAnalysisDAP Spr.‘98 ©UCB 13Computer Architecture TopicsInstruction Set ArchitecturePipelining, Hazard Resolution,Superscalar, Reordering, Prediction, Speculation,Vector, DSPAddressing,Protection,Exception HandlingL1 CacheL2 CacheDRAMDisks, WORM, TapeCoherence,Bandwidth,LatencyEmerging TechnologiesInterleavingBus protocolsRAIDVLSIInput/Output and StorageMemoryHierarchyPipelining and Instruction Level ParallelismDAP Spr.‘98 ©UCB 14Computer Architecture TopicsMInterconnection NetworkSPMPMPMP° ° °Topologies,Routing,Bandwidth,Latency,ReliabilityNetwork InterfacesShared Memory,Message Passing,Data ParallelismProcessor-Memory-SwitchMultiprocessorsNetworks and InterconnectionsDAP Spr.‘98 ©UCB 15CS 252 Course FocusUnderstanding the design techniques, machine structures, technology factors, evaluation methods that will determine the form of computers in 21st CenturyTechnologyProgrammingLanguagesOperatingSystemsHistoryApplicationsInterface Design(ISA)Measurement & EvaluationParallelismComputer Architecture:• Instruction Set Design• Organization• HardwareDAP Spr.‘98 ©UCB 16Topic CoverageTextbook: Hennessy and Patterson, Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 2nd Ed., 1996.• 1.5 weeks Review: Fundamentals of Computer Architecture (Ch. 1), Instruction Set Architecture (Ch. 2), Pipelining (Ch. 3)• 1 week: Pipelining and Instructional Level Parallelism (Ch. 4)• 2.5 weeks: Vector Processors and DSPs (Appendix B)• 1 week: Memory Hierarchy (Chapter 5)• 1.5 weeks: Input/Output and Storage (Chapter 6)• 1.5 weeks: Networks and Interconnection Technology (Chapter 7)• 1.5 weeks: Multiprocessors (Ch. 8 + Culler book draft Chapter 1)• Research Guest Lectures: Reconfigurable MPer(“BRASS”), DRAM+MPer(“IRAM”), Systems of Systems (“Millennium”)DAP Spr.‘98 ©UCB 17CS252: StaffInstructor: David A. PattersonOffice: 635 Soda Hall, 642-6587 patterson@csOffice Hours: Wed 3:30-4:30 or by appt.(Contact Tim Ryan, 643-4014, tryan@cs, 634 Soda )T. A: Joe Gebis Office: ?? Soda Hall, 642-?? gebis @eecs TA Office Hours TBD Class: Wed, Fri 2:10:00 - 3:30:00 203 McLaughlinText: Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, Second Edition (1996) (≥ second printing)Web page: http://http.cs.berkeley.edu/~patterson/252/ Lectures available online <11:30AM day of lectureNewsgroup: ucb.class.c252DAP Spr.‘98 ©UCB 18Lecture style• 1-Minute Review • 20-Minute Lecture• 5- Minute Administrative Matters• 25-Minute Lecture• 5-Minute Break (water, stretch)• 25-Minute Lecture• Instructor will come to class early & stay after to answer questionsAttentionTime20 min. Break “In Conclusion, ...”DAP Spr.‘98 ©UCB 19Grading• 30% Homeworks (work in pairs)• 30% Examinations (2 Midterms)• 30% Research Project (work in pairs)– Transition from undergrad to grad student– Berkeley wants you to succeed, but you need to show initiative– pick topic– meet 3 times with faculty/TA to see progress– give oral presentation– give poster session– written report like conference paper– ≈ 3 weeks work full time for 2 people– Opportunity to do “research in the small” to help make transition from good student to research colleague• 10% Class ParticipationDAP Spr.‘98 ©UCB 20Course Style• Reduce the pressure of taking quizes– Only 2 Graded Quizes: Wednesday Mar. 4 and Wed. Apr. 22– Our goal: test knowledge vs. speed writing– 3 hrs to take 1.5-hr test (5:30-8:30 PM, Sibley Auditorium)– Both mid-term quizes can bring summary sheet» Transfer ideas from book to paper– Last chance Q&A: during class time day of exam•
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