CS252 Graduate Computer Architecture Lecture 1 Review of Technology Trends and Cost/PerformanceOriginal1988 Computer Food Chain1998 Computer Food ChainWhy Such Change in 10 years?Technology Trends: Microprocessor CapacityMemory Capacity (Single Chip DRAM)Technology Trends (Summary)Processor Performance TrendsProcessor Performance (1.35X before, 1.55X now)Performance Trends (Summary)Computer Architecture Is …Computer Architecture’s Changing DefinitionInstruction Set Architecture (ISA)Evolution of Instruction SetsInterface DesignVirtualization: One of the lessons of RISCComputer Architecture TopicsSlide 19CS 252 Course FocusTopic CoverageCS252: StaffLecture styleGradingQuizesResearch Paper ReadingMore Course InfoRelated CoursesCoping with CS 252Slide 30Computer Engineering MethodologySlide 32Slide 33Slide 34Measurement and EvaluationMeasurement ToolsThe Bottom Line: Performance (and Cost)Slide 38Amdahl's LawAmdahl’s LawSlide 41Slide 42Metrics of PerformanceAspects of CPU PerformanceCycles Per Instruction (Throughput)Example: Calculating CPISPEC: System Performance Evaluation CooperativeHow to Summarize PerformanceSPEC First RoundImpact of Means on SPECmark89 for IBM 550Performance EvaluationIntegrated Circuits CostsReal World ExamplesCost/Performance What is Relationship of Cost to Price?Chip Prices (August 1993)Summary: Price vs. CostSummary, #1Summary, #2CS252/KubiatowiczLec 1.18/30/00CS252Graduate Computer ArchitectureLecture 1Review of Technology Trends and Cost/PerformanceAugust 30, 2000Prof. John KubiatowiczCS252/KubiatowiczLec 1.28/30/00OriginalBig Fishes Eating Little FishesCS252/KubiatowiczLec 1.38/30/001988 Computer Food ChainPCWork-stationMini-computerMainframeMini-supercomputerSupercomputerMassively Parallel ProcessorsCS252/KubiatowiczLec 1.48/30/001998 Computer Food ChainPCWork-stationMainframeSupercomputerMini-supercomputerMassively Parallel ProcessorsMini-computerNow who is eating whom?ServerCS252/KubiatowiczLec 1.58/30/00Why Such Change in 10 years?•Performance–Technology Advances»CMOS VLSI dominates older technologies (TTL, ECL) in cost AND performance–Computer architecture advances improves low-end »RISC, superscalar, RAID, …•Price: Lower costs due to …–Simpler development»CMOS VLSI: smaller systems, fewer components–Higher volumes»CMOS VLSI : same dev. cost 10,000 vs. 10,000,000 units –Lower margins by class of computer, due to fewer services•Function–Rise of networking/local interconnection technologyCS252/KubiatowiczLec 1.68/30/00YearTransistors1000100001000001000000100000001000000001970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000i80386i4004i8080Pentiumi80486i80286i8086Technology Trends: Microprocessor CapacityCMOS improvements:• Die size: 2X every 3 yrs• Line width: halve / 7 yrs“Graduation Window”Alpha 21264: 15 millionPentium Pro: 5.5 millionPowerPC 620: 6.9 millionAlpha 21164: 9.3 millionSparc Ultra: 5.2 millionMoore’s LawCS252/KubiatowiczLec 1.78/30/00Memory Capacity (Single Chip DRAM)sizeYearBits10001000010000010000001000000010000000010000000001970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000year size(Mb) cyc time1980 0.0625 250 ns1983 0.25 220 ns1986 1 190 ns1989 4 165 ns1992 16 145 ns1996 64 120 ns2000 256 100 nsCS252/KubiatowiczLec 1.88/30/00Technology Trends(Summary)Capacity Speed (latency)Logic 2x in 3 years 2x in 3 yearsDRAM 4x in 3 years 2x in 10 yearsDisk 4x in 3 years 2x in 10 yearsCS252/KubiatowiczLec 1.98/30/00Processor PerformanceTrendsMicroprocessorsMinicomputersMainframesSupercomputersYear0.111010010001965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000CS252/KubiatowiczLec 1.108/30/0002004006008001000120087 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97DEC Alpha 21164/ 600DEC Alpha 5/ 500DEC Alpha 5/ 300DEC Alpha 4/ 266I BM POWER 100DEC AXP/ 500HP 9000/ 750Sun- 4/ 260I BM RS/6000MI PS M/ 120MI PS M/ 2000Processor Performance(1.35X before, 1.55X now)1.54X/yrCS252/KubiatowiczLec 1.118/30/00Performance Trends(Summary)•Workstation performance (measured in Spec Marks) improves roughly 50% per year (2X every 18 months)•Improvement in cost performance estimated at 70% per yearCS252/KubiatowiczLec 1.128/30/00Computer Architecture Is …the attributes of a [computing] system as seen by the programmer, i.e., the conceptual structure and functional behavior, as distinct from the organization of the data flows and controls the logic design, and the physical implementation. Amdahl, Blaaw, and Brooks, 1964SOFTWARESOFTWARECS252/KubiatowiczLec 1.138/30/00Computer Architecture’s Changing Definition•1950s to 1960s: Computer Architecture Course: Computer Arithmetic•1970s to mid 1980s: Computer Architecture Course: Instruction Set Design, especially ISA appropriate for compilers•1990s: Computer Architecture Course:Design of CPU, memory system, I/O system, Multiprocessors, Networks•2010s: Computer Architecture Course: Self adapting systems? Self organizing structures?DNA Systems/Quantum Computing?CS252/KubiatowiczLec 1.148/30/00Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)instruction setsoftwarehardwareCS252/KubiatowiczLec 1.158/30/00Evolution of Instruction SetsSingle Accumulator (EDSAC 1950)Accumulator + Index Registers(Manchester Mark I, IBM 700 series 1953)Separation of Programming Model from ImplementationHigh-level Language Based Concept of a Family(B5000 1963) (IBM 360 1964)General Purpose Register MachinesComplex Instruction Sets Load/Store ArchitectureRISC(Vax, Intel 432 1977-80)(CDC 6600, Cray 1 1963-76)(Mips,Sparc,HP-PA,IBM RS6000, . . .1987)CS252/KubiatowiczLec 1.168/30/00Interface DesignA good interface:•Lasts through many implementations (portability, compatability)•Is used in many differeny ways (generality)•Provides convenient functionality to higher levels•Permits an efficient implementation at lower levelsInterfaceimp 1imp 2imp 3useuseusetimeCS252/KubiatowiczLec 1.178/30/00Virtualization:One of the lessons of RISC•Integrated Systems Approach –What really matters is the functioning of the complete system, I.e. hardware, runtime system, compiler, and operating system–In networking, this is called the “End to End argument”–Programmers care about high-level languages, debuggers, source-level object-oriented programming•Computer architecture is not just about transistors, individual instructions, or particular implementations•Original RISC projects replaced complex instructions with a compiler + simple instructions•Logical Extension => Genetically adaptive runtime systems enhanced by dynamic compilation running
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