Lectures 1: Review of Technology Trends and Cost/PerformanceCS 252 Course FocusRelated CoursesTopic CoverageCS252: Administrative InformationCourse StyleSlide 7Grading1988 Computer Food Chain1997 Computer Food ChainWhy Such Change?Technology Trends: Microprocessor CapacityMemory Capacity (Single Chip DRAM)Technology Trends (Summary)Processor frequency trendProcessor Performance TrendsProcessor Performance (1.35X before, 1.55X now)Performance Trends (Summary)Slide 19What is the next wave?The Embedded ProcessorSome interesting numbersSome different evaluation metricsThe Secret of Architecture Design: Measurement and EvaluationComputer Architecture TopicsSlide 26Computer Engineering MethodologyMeasurement ToolsSlide 29Metric 1: PerformanceThe Performance MetricAmdahl's LawAmdahl’s LawSlide 34Metrics of PerformanceAspects of CPU PerformanceCycles Per InstructionExample: Calculating CPICreating Benchmark SetsSPEC: System Performance Evaluation CooperativeHow to Summarize PerformanceSPEC First RoundImpact of Means on SPECmark89 for IBM 550 (without and with special compiler option)Performance EvaluationIntegrated Circuits CostsReal World ExamplesCost/Performance What is Relationship of Cost to Price?Chip Prices (August 1993)Summary: Price vs. CostPower/EnergyEnergy/PowerSummary, #1Summary, #2JR.S00 1Lectures 1: Review of Technology Trends and Cost/PerformanceProf. Jan M. RabaeyComputer Science 252Spring 2000“Computer Architecture in Cory Hall”JR.S00 2CS 252 Course FocusUnderstanding the design techniques, machine structures, technology factors, evaluation methods that will determine the form of programmable processors in 21st CenturyTechnologyProgrammingLanguagesOperatingSystemsHistoryApplicationsInterface Design(ISA)Measurement & EvaluationComputer Architecture:• Instruction Set Design• Organization• HardwareJR.S00 3Related CoursesCS 152CS 152CS 252CS 252CS 258CS 258CS 250CS 250How to build itImplementation detailsWhy, Analysis,Evaluation Parallel Architectures,Languages, SystemsIntegrated Circuit Design StrongPrerequisiteBasic knowledge of theorganization of a computeris assumed!EE 141EE 141Digital Integrated CircuitsJR.S00 4Topic CoverageTextbook: Hennessy and Patterson, Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 2nd Ed., 1996.•1.5 weeks Review: Fundamentals of Computer Architecture (Ch. 1), Instruction Set Architecture (Ch. 2), Pipelining (Ch. 3)•1.5 week: Pipelining and Instructional Level Parallelism (Ch. 4)•2 weeks: Vector Processors and DSPs (Appendix B)•2 weeks: Configurable processors and computing•1 week: Memory Hierarchy (Chapter 5)•1 weeks: Input/Output and Storage (Chapter 6)•1 weeks: Networks and Interconnection Technology (Chapter 7)•1 weeks: Multiprocessors (Ch. 8)•2 weeks: Design space exploration and embedded processorsJR.S00 5CS252: Administrative InformationInstructors: Prof. Jan M. Rabaey Office: 231 Cory Hall, 666-3111, jan@eecs Office Hours: M 1:30-3pm,Tu 12:30-2pmProf. Kurt Keutzer Office: 566 Cory Hall, 642-9267, keutzer@eecs Office Hours: W 10-11:30amT. A: TBD Class: TuTh 2- 3:30pm Hogan Room - Cory HallText: Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, Second Edition (1996) (second printing)Web page: http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/Classes/CS252Newsgroup: ucb.class.c252JR.S00 6Course Style•Reduce the pressure of taking quizzes–Only 2 Graded Quizzes: Thursday Mar. 3 and Th. Apr. 13–Our goal: test knowledge vs. speed writing–Take home!•Major emphasis on research project–Transition from undergrad to grad student–Berkeley wants you to succeed, but you need to show initiative–pick topic–meet 3 times with faculty/TA to see progress–give oral presentation–give poster session–written report like conference paper–~ 3 weeks work full time for 2 people–Opportunity to do “research in the small” to help make transition from good student to research colleagueJR.S00 7Course Style•Everything is on the course Web page: bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/Classes/CS252•Notes:–Lecture notes will be available on the web-page at the latest at noon of the lecture day–Midterms and pointers to old exams can be found on the web-pages of previous offerings (pointers on web-site).•Schedule:–2 Graded Quizes: Thursday Mar. 3 and Thursday Apr. 13–Project Reviews/Checkpoints: Tu. Feb 15, Tu March 14, Tu Apr 11–Oral Presentations: Tu Th April 25/27–252 Poster Session: Tu May 2–252 Last lecture: Th May 4–Project Papers/URLs due: Tu May 9JR.S00 8Grading•5% Homeworks (work in pairs)•35% Examinations (2 Midterms)•60% Research Project (work in pairs)JR.S00 91988 Computer Food ChainPCWork-stationMini-computerMainframeMini-supercomputerSupercomputerMassively Parallel ProcessorsJR.S00 101997 Computer Food ChainPCWork-stationMainframeSupercomputerMini-supercomputerMassively Parallel ProcessorsMini-computerServerPDAJR.S00 11Why Such Change?•Performance–Technology Advances»CMOS VLSI dominates older technologies (TTL, ECL) in cost AND performance and is progressing rapidly–Computer architecture advances improves low-end »RISC, superscalar, RAID, …•Price: Lower costs due to …–Simpler development»CMOS VLSI: smaller systems, fewer components–Higher volumes»CMOS VLSI : same device cost 10,000 vs. 10,000,000 units –Lower margins by class of computer, due to fewer services•Function–Rise of networking/local interconnection technologyJR.S00 12YearTransistors1000100001000001000000100000001000000001970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000i80386i4004i8080Pentiumi80486i80286i8086Technology Trends: Microprocessor CapacityCMOS improvements:• Die size: 2X every 3 yrs• Line width: halve / 7 yrsAlpha 21264: 15 millionPentium Pro: 5.5 millionPowerPC 620: 6.9 millionAlpha 21164: 9.3 millionSparc Ultra: 5.2 millionMoore’s LawISSCC 2000: 25M+ transistor processors (Intel)JR.S00 13Memory Capacity (Single Chip DRAM)sizeYearBits10001000010000010000001000000010000000010000000001970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000year size(Mb) cyc time1980 0.0625 250 ns1983 0.25 220 ns1986 1 190 ns1989 4 165 ns1992 16 145 ns1996 64 120 ns2000 256 100 nsJR.S00 14Technology Trends(Summary)Capacity Speed (latency)Logic 2x in 3 years 2x in 3 yearsDRAM 4x in 3 years 2x in 10 yearsDisk 4x in 3 years 2x in 10 yearsJR.S00 15386486Pentium(R)Pentium Pro(R)Pentium(R) IIMPC750604+604601, 60321264S2126421164A2116421064A21066101001,00010,0001987198919911993199519971999200120032005Mhz110100Gate Delays/ ClockIntelIBM Power
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