PSYC 359 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I. Impression Management II. Nonverbal CommunicationOutline of Current Lecture I. Nonverbal communication cont. II. Videos III. Verbal Communication Current LectureVideo on physiological effects—you don’t smile because you feel happy, you feel happy becauseyou smile - Experiment on gazing into people's eyes and seeing if they feel love- Independent variable: where they were gazing (into eyes or hands)Video on nonverbal communication and culture- We have more control over our verbal communication than out nonverbal communicationo Example: saying “I’m not angry!” in an angry voice…nonverbal is not congruent with verbal communication and people believe that you are angry - Cross cultural nonverbal communication o Asian culture: keeping head down and not making eye contact is sign of respect but in America not making eye contact in a weakness o In Indian culture, they shake their head ‘no’ when speaking and saying yeso In Czech Republic they don’t smile very much, but if American comes and smiles when they say hi then that’s strange - People often use gestures for strategic purposes - Facial expressions o Faces are capable of communicating a range of emotional stateso Eight primary emotions can be communicated by face o Display of emotion triggers emotions just as emotions triggers display o Eyes are particularly important - Paralanguage: snorts, laughs, inflections, even silence - Body and space o Space and distance are important elements in interpersonal communication o 4 different distances How much of our communication is nonverbal? Something like 70%Combining the Components- Nonverbal behavior usually reinforces our verbal meaning. But when there is a discrepancy between people’s words and actions, their true meaning usually lies in their nonverbal, not their verbal communication- You can increase or decrease the intimacy of an interaction by adjusting the distance- Nonverbal sensitivity o The accuracy with which couples communicate nonverbally predicts how happy their relationships will beo Individual differences hereo When there’s a problem in nonverbal communication, we usually blame males because women love to talk and work harder at it and are more receptive o Women send clearer, more comprehensible messages and are more attentive at interpreting others accurately o Nonverbal deficits occur because people lack the necessary skillso Most of the time due to inattention and lack of effortGender Differences in nonverbal Communication - Table in PowerPoint presentation - Elements such as smiling, gazing, posture, touch, distance, paralanguage, nonverbal sensitivity Verbal CommunicationTheory of Social Penetration- Self-disclosure: the process of revealing personal information about oneself to someone else- At the beginning of a relationship you don’t tell people that much about yourself- This theory tells us that as the relationship develops, partners become more intimate by increasing two aspects of verbal communication o 1. Variety of topics they will discuss o 2. Depth and personal significance of topic - Amount of self disclosure that we engage in is a hallmark of intimacy - There is an exception to this: stranger in place phenomena o Person sitting next to you on plane spills their guts out to you and youre stuck with themVerbal Communication- Self-disclosure that fits the situation breeds liking and contentment in close relationships- Gender Differences in Verbal Communication o Topics of conversation  DON’T discuss past lovers DON’T discuss the state of the relationship  Women discuss their feelings and gossip - Maybe they’re socialized to do this Men tend to stick to more impersonal matters o Styles of Conversation  Women speak less forcefully, using more hedges and questions, and less profanity, than men do Men also do most of the talking- People think its disrespectful for a woman to interrupt a mano Self-disclosure  Men tend to disclose less to their partners than women do, but they do disclose more personal information to women than to other men  Its difficult for men and women to have friendships  Men disclose more to their female friendso Instrumentality verses expressivity Whether they are male or female, people who are high in expressivity share intimate verbal communication with people they trust  Interactions that involve women are more intimate than those involving just men Androgynous men have more disclosing interactions  If a man isn’t complaining, then women tend to think everything is ok  If a woman isn’t overly affectionate, then men think something is