POWER AND VIOLENCETHE DISSOLUTION AND LOSS OF RELATIONSHIPSMAINTAINING AND REPAIRING RELATIONSHIPSPSYC 359 1st EditionFinal Exam Study GuideSTRESSES AND STRAINS1. Identify the seven degrees of acceptance and rejection and what might affect our reactions to experiences of acceptance or rejection. Maximal inclusion: others go out of their way to include us and interact with usActive inclusion: others welcome us but do not seek us outPassive inclusion: others allow us to be includedAmbivalence: others do not care whether we are included or notPassive exclusion: others ignore us but do not avoid usActive exclusion: others avoid us, tolerating our presence only when necessaryMaximal exclusion: others banish us, sending us away, or abandon us2. Describe the effect of acceptance and rejection, including relational devaluation.Once we find that others don’t want us around, it hardly matters whether they dislike us a little or a lot. But when it comes to acceptance, being completely adored doesn’t improve our self-esteem beyond the boost we get from being very well liked. So, mild rejection from others usually feels just as bad as more extreme rejection, but decreases in acceptance we receive from others may have a greater impact. Relational devaluation is a drop in our perceived relational value and causes a variety of unhappy emotions. We respond to emotional hurt the same way as physical hurt in the brain. Attachment style affects relational devaluation, as ppl with high levels of anxiety about abandonment experience more hurt in response to drops in perceived relational value. 3. Explain what ostracism is, why it may be used, and why it is painful for the target. Describe the reactions of individuals who are ostracized.Ostracism is a specific form of rejection in which people are given the ‘cold shoulder’ and are ignored by those around them. Why it’s used: people justify ostracizing others as an effective way to punish their partners, to avoid confrontation, or to calm down and cool off following a conflict, and people usually things its helpful. Why painful: threatens basic social needs (need to belong), is dehumanizing, and undermines attachment to others.. Reactions: people enter a lethargic state of mind with reduced rational planning and complex thought, time passes more slowly, they are colder, will do what partner wants to regain belongingness, when they get angry, they dismiss the opinions of those who are ignoringthem4. Define jealousy and describe the two types of jealousy. Explain who is most prone to jealousy and who and what gets us jealous. Describe the evolutionary account of jealousy.Jealousy can involve a variety of feelings, ranging all the way from sad dejection to actual pride that one’s partner is desirable to others, but most often jealousy is defined by hurt, anger, and fear. Reactive jealousy: occurs when someone becomes aware of an actual threat to a valued relationship. Suspicious jealousy occurs when one’s partner hasn’t misbehaved and one’s suspicions do not fit the facts at hand…results in worried and mistrustful vigilance and snooping. People vary in their levels of suspicious jealousy. Prone to jealousy: people who are very dependent on a relationship (low CLalt), when people feel inadequate, attachment styles: preoccupied style greedily seeks closeness with others but remain chronically worried that their partners don’t love them enough in return, personality traits: people high in neuroticism are more jealous. Traditional gender roles also make jealousy more likely. What gets us jealous: friends horning in on romantic relationship is worse, men are more jealous of other men with many recourses, attractive competitors, Evolutionary account: early humans who reacted strongly to interlopers maintained relationships and reproduced more successfully, men have paternity uncertainty so could be evolutionary good, jealous women are more successful…these things mean that men should experience more jealousy at the thought of sexual infidelity and women should react more to emotional infidelity…and this is true!5. Describe our responses to jealousy and how these may differ depending on attachment style andgender or sex. Describe how to cope constructively with jealousy.Men are more jealous of sexual infidelity and women more jealous of emotional infidelity. Attachment style: people who are relatively comfortable with closeness are more likely to express their concerns to try to repair the relationship than those with more avoidant styles. Dismissing or fearful people are morelikely to avoid the issue. Gender: Women react to jealousy by trying to improve the relationship, and men respond by trying to protect their egos. Coping: spend less time on Facebook because the Internet is ambiguous, we should work on reducing the connection between the exclusivity of a relationship and our sense of self-worth when jealousy is founded. Self-reliance is important because it stops people fromfeelings angry or embarrassed and self-bolstering boosts one self esteem. Formal therapy can also help6. Define deception and describe different forms of deception (e.g. lying, concealing information). Deception is intentional behavior that creates an impression in the recipient that the deceiver knows to be untrue. Lying is the most outright and straightforward form of deception. Concealing information is more indirect and the person doesn’t mention details that would communicate the truth. Diverting attention from vital facts is deception. Half-truths are misleading.7. Describe how lying operates in everyday life. Explain how we can detect when someone is lying and how lying operates in our relationships.Everyday life: college students tell two lies a day on average. Adults off campus lie about once per day, and only 5% of people report having told no lies in a given week. Most lies are casual and most are successful. The most common type of lie is one that benefits the liar. Deceivers distrust is when people lie to others and then begin to perceive the recipients of the lies to be less honest and trustworthy as a result because people assume others are just like them. Detecting lies: lying is usually apparent in changes in a person’s ordinary demeanor. But intimate partners also have a truth bias in which they assume that their partners are usually telling the truth. 8. Define betrayal and describe how and why it happens.Betrayals are disagreeable,