PSYC 359 1st Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I. Mary AinsworthII. Attachment StylesOutline of Current Lecture I. More on attachment styles II. AttractionCurrent LectureVideo Notes on Mary Ainsworth:- Bolby’s theory did not seem to fit the things he saw - Children are biologically programmed to provide nourishment, proximity, and warmth that builds emotional ties called attachments—but Bolby could not yet identify the attachments- Ainsoworth provided descriptions of attachments in natural setting and then later in experimental ones - Strongly felt that observing and noting natural behavior was important to developmentalpsychology - 3 most important things learned in Uganda study (became first book)o Identified important attachment behaviorso Develop attachments in first year of lifeo Some patterns of parenting lead to certain attachments- Her best known work was done observing 24 babies in natural settings and took extensive notes - In the home, the observer concentrated on interactions between infant and mother- Saw patterns of infant and baby development that matched Bolby’s work o They established a professional partnership that lasted the remainder of their professional lives- Found that babies whose mothers who responded to babies cries in their first six months cried less than one year oldso Also more compliant and obedient in first year, cooperated, and explored moreo Contrary to other opinions up to this point o More secure children by the end of the first year o Sensitivity of primary caregiver in beginning of life creates more secure attachment later in lifeo Attachment figure was a ‘haven of safety’, a ‘secure base’ to return back to after exploring- Developed the Strange Situation, which was a methodological and experimental testo Babies who cried less at home, cried more in the lab because they lost their secure baseo The babies behavior at separation was not important, the important point was what they did upon the mother’s return They were quickly soothed and returned to mother 66% of babies display secure attachment 21% are avoidant  13% were insecure/ambivalent resistant attachment o Two other researchers later developed a 4th category: disorganized- Mary Main and her colleagues made adult attachment model and interviewo People with secure attachment in youth have more healthy and happy relationships later in life…and vice versa o But its not as if a certain pattern in youth means you MUST have unhappy/unhealthy relationshipo You can go off track and then go back on o A child who has been maltreated, for example, can overcome that if pathway changes*Blackboard powerpoint slide*- Attachment Theory helps us understand people and relationships and how we find comfort when we’re reunited and how lonliness works- Using the same three styles as Ainsworth used - Current Trendso Hazan and Shaver noted that infants and caregivers and adult romantic partners share the following features: Both feel safe when the other is nearby and responsive Both engage in close, intimate, bodily contact Both feel insecure when the other is inaccessible Both share discoveries with one another Both play with one anothers facial features and exhibit a utual fascinationand preoccupation with one another Both engage in “baby talk” o BUT it was a self report and that can create problems with the data- Self-report in adult attachment- Attachment styles in adultso Bartholemew proposed four different categories of adult attachment…which bestdescribes you?o- Underlying Mechanisms of Attachment Styleso Collins and Read suggested that we analyze data in terms of scores on dimesions rather than types Close- Correlates with depend very carefully with depend Depend Anxiety Differences in attachment relates to differences in beliefs Depends on self and other  Interesting gender differences- For men: relationships with mother predicted how much they could depend on/feel close to their partner- For women: relationships with father predicts how much they can depend on/feel close to their partner- You can have different caregivers, the importance is that whatever substitute care is given is stable.- Newborns and self-attachment, they can do things to create proximity- Ex. crying, it’s irritating to motivate you to stop it- In some traditional societies, babies don’t cry because they’re constantly being held and skin to skin contact- Research- just use a sling- Strollers, when they’re real little you have to put them in an extra cushion to cuddle them up, swaddling gives them the impression theyre being held- With constant touching on the nipple, the non-biological mother can develop milk (but not that much)- Even the dad can, it’s just not enough- Some cultures separate the mothers and babies to end the breast feeding, some don’t allow for breast feeding for the first three days—humans are very resilient and we can overcome all these