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USC PSYC 359 - Ethics of Relationship Science

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Nature of the DataSelf reportsMost common mean of studying intimate relationshipsObtained through written questionnaires, verbal interviews, or even unstructured diariesPeople tell us about their experiencesAllow us to ‘get inside people’s head’Difficulties in recall or awarenessSelf-serving bias leads people to overestimate their responsibility for positive events in their relationship and to underestimate their blame for the bad timesObservationsResearchers either measure behavior with sophisticated tools or train colleagues to make accurate, reliable, and detailed observationsExperience-sampling uses intermittent short periods of observation to capture samples of behavior that actually occur over longer periods of timeSometimes use ratings, other times use coding procedures, other times use other technologies such as eye-trackingCan suffer from reactivity—people may change their behavior when they know they are being observedPhysiological measuresAvoid reactivity problemAsses such responses as heart rate, muscle tension, genital arousal, brain activity, and hormone levelsExamine the manner in which physiology shapes our interaction with othersArchrival materialAlso avoid problem of reactivityPhotographs, diaries, public media, licenses, census data, etc.Inexpensive but can be limitedCouples’ reportEthics of such BehaviorsShould relationship science pry into people’s lives?YesRelationship scientists are very careful to protect the welfare of the participants of their research…But people are asked about sensitive measuresScience’s ethical imperative to gain knowledge that can benefic humanityIgnorance can be wastefulInterpreting and Integrating ResultsData obtained in relationship studies can present unique complexitiesPaired, interdependent dataAssume that the scores of different participants are independent and not connected in any wayBut that’s not true when both member of a couple are involvedDifferent levels of analysisMust choose between two entirely different levels analysis, one focusing on the individuals who make up couple and the other focuses couples themselvesThree sources of influenceRelationships emerge from the individual contributions of the separate partners and from the unique effects of how they combine as a pairMeta-analysisStudies that statistically combine the results from several prior studiesSigmund FreudOral stage (babies put everything in mouth), phallic stage, genital stage latency phase (sex drives are dormant)…talked about all of these, know themEach has to be resolved in order to have mature loveYou could trace anything to early life experiencesStrict environmentalistNo talent or inheritanceLove was simply stimulated by some stimulation of the body and erogenous zonesBegins of idea that mature love occurred developmentallyJohn WatsonGoal of psychology: prediction and controlLeft little room for feelingsWe can only talk about behaviorsBehaviorismDidn’t talk about love or romanceLittle AlbertWhen we’re rewarded for something, we’re likely to redo itClassical ConditioningB.F SkinnerLearning situation involves behavior that’s reinforcedOperant conditioningCan we condition feelings of love?Strong environmentalist perspectiveKonrad LorenzNoticed as a child when he picked up little ducklings that they followed himImprinting requires special type of learningCritical periodEthology is concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary historySocial animals elicit a ‘cute response’…babies of all social creatures look the sameBig eyes, chubby cheeks, big head, underdeveloped chinsSurvival mechanismNikolaas TinbergenMet with LorenzUltimate Mechanisms (pertained to species as well)Function—adaptation. Explains that an animals behavior is seemingly well designedPhylogeny—the development over time of a species, genus, or group, as contrasted with the development of an individual ontogenyProximate MechanismsCausation—immediate underlying physiological mechanismsPheromoneDevelopment (ontogeny)—behavior is the product of gene-environment interaction, in which the whole can be more than the sum of the partsDevelopment is to the individual what phylogeny is to the speciesJohn BowlbyAttachment theoryAttachmentSeparationLossHarry F. HarlowThe nature of love—surrogate mother experimentNot enough to be fedNourishment is important—perhaps its loveTwo wire mothers—one with pillows and warm and the other just wire—and monkeys preferred warm mother even when it did not provide food or nourishmentMary AinsworthThree types of attachmentSecure attachmentVery upset when mom leaves (that’s ok and makes sense from an evolutionary perspective)Interesting is how they acted upon reunionChild hugs mom and is comforted by reunion with momAnxious-ambivalent insecureIf they weren’t cared forThe child is extremely hysterical and when mom returns the child doesn’t calm downAnxious-avoidant insecure attachmentCaregivers were somewhat inconsistentMay have responded other times and other times didn’t so child couldn’t depend on themErosion of trustChild in fear of abandonmentParents not responsive to needsDoesn’t show that much distress—an independence that’s not healthy for the ageVideoStrange situationChild and caregiver enter a room and after about three minutes and adult stranger comes in and begins to play with child. The caregiver leaves and begins to interact with the babySee how baby respondsAinsworth studied the relationship between infants and their primary caregiversBefore lab experiment, studied children in mothers in natural situationsSeparation is important but so is the unionThere are three different reactions—see aboveCurrent TrendsHazan and Shaver noted that infants and caregiver and adult romantic partners share the following features:Both feel safe when the other is nearby and responsiveBoth engage in close, intimate, bodily contactBoth feel insecure when the other is inaccessibleThe first self-report adult attachmentDeveloped by AinsowrthSecureAnxiousAvoidantBreakdown on slideBreakdown in adults is similar to the breakdown in adultsAttachment StylesBartholomew proposed four different categories of adult attachmentParagraphs in slideFour styles emerge, in part, from different global judgments of oneself and others:View of self vs. view of otherPositive vs. negative, positive vs. negative in both categoriesSecure, preoccupied, dismissing, or fearfulChart on slideshow on


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USC PSYC 359 - Ethics of Relationship Science

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