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USC PSYC 359 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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Sex differences refers to biological difference, while gender difference refers to differences that result form upbringing, training, and teaching. The average size of sex difference is not nearly as large as you would guess, and in fact, gender differences account for a bigger disparity. In other words, the individual differences between two men is greater than the difference between an average man and an average woman. Almost all the differences between men and women are small to medium.The process of close relationships is very similar in hetero and homosexual relationships.Lecture 2PSYC 359 1st EditionExam 1 Study Guide: Lectures: 1 - 6Lecture 1 1. Describe the nature of intimate relationships and identify the six ways they typically differ from relationships that are more casual.The answer to “what is intimacy?” can depend on whom you ask because intimacy is multifaceted. 6 ways they differ from more casual relationships: knowledge (share info about their histories, preferences, feelings and desires), caring (feel more affection for one another than they do for most people), interdependence (the extent to which they need and influence each other is frequent and strong), mutuality (they recognize the overlap between their lives and think of themselves as “us” instead of “me”…look at ‘inclusion of other in self scale), trust (the expectation that the other will treat them fairly and honorably), and commitment (expect their partnerships to continue indefinitely and invest time and effort). 2. Discuss the need to belong including: What is it? What evidence supports its evolution? Can we explain our need for intimacy in a similar fashion?Need to Belong Theory states that humans have an instinctual need for frequent, pleasant interaction with intimate partners in lasting relationships in order to function properly. *When we form intimate relationships our need for others is satiated and reduced.* Support for the theory: - the ease with which we form relationships with others and from the tenacity with which we then resist the dissolution of our existing social ties. - Studies show the biological benefits we accrue from close ties to others. - In general, people live happier, healthier, longer lives when they’re closely connected to others. - Holding a lover’s hand reduces the brain’s response to threatening situations and pain is less potent when looking at the photograph of a loving partner. - People who have pleasant interaction with others who care for them are more satisfied with their lives than those who lack such social contact. - Married people are happierExplanations for this need:- We developed the need to belong until it gradually became a natural tendency3. Specify ways relationships changed between the 1960s and the beginning of the 21st centuryand identify the cultural forces that contributed to these changes.Now compared to the 1960s:- Fewer people are marrying than ever before, only about half of the population is married (including people who are widowed, divorced, separated, and never married- People wait longer to marry—woman 26 and men 28 on average- People live together even when they’re not married- People have babies even when they’re not married - Almost half of all marriages end in divorce- Many children live in a single-parent home before they turn 12- Most preschool children have mothers who work outside the home These changes are important because cultural standards provide a foundation for our relationships and shape out expectations and define normal patterns. Sources of the change:- Economics—more industrialized and affluent countries harbor more single people, tolerate more divorces, and support a later age of marriage- Individualism—the support of self-expression and the emphasis on personal fulfillment is more pronounced. We now expect more personal gratification from out intimate partners and feel justified in ending our partnerships to seek contentment elsewhere- Technology—modern reproductive technologies allow single women to bear children fathered by men at a sperm gank, and women can control there fertility- Sex Ratio—there have been dramatic fluctuations in the sex ratio, and we may already be seeing the pendulum swing in recent years: The divorce rate which doubled from 1967 to 1980 has leveled off 4. Identify different attachment styles, including how childhood experiences contribute to them and how malleable they are as we grow older.First noted in children, attachment styles are expressed at a young age and are either secure, anxious-ambivalent, or avoidant. Hazan and Shaver demonstrated that similar orientations toward close relationships could also be observed in adults. But they noted that there are 4 (not3) attachment styles in adults: secure, preoccupied, dismissing, and fearful. Secure style is the same as in children: comfortable with intimacy and interdependence, optimistic and sociable. Preoccupied style is a new name for anxious ambivalent: uneasy and vigilant toward any threat to the relationship; needy and jealous. Fearful people avoided intimacy with others because of their fears of rejections—they wanted others to like them and worried about the risk of relying on others. In contrast, dismissing style felt that intimacy with others just wasn’t work the trouble. The two broad themes that underlie all of these are avoidance of intimacy and anxiety about abandonment. They are malleable because our experiences play a larger role in shaping the styles than predisposed disposition. Being learned, attachment styles can be unlearned and change. However, once they have been established, attachment styles can also be stable and long-lasting as they lead people to create new relationships that reinforce their existing tendencies.5. Discriminate between sex differences and gender differences and reflect on the average size of these differences.Sex differences refers to biological difference, while gender difference refers to differences that result form upbringing, training, and teaching. The average size of sex difference is not nearly as large as you would guess, and in fact, gender differences account for a bigger disparity. In other words, the individual differences between two men is greater than the difference between an average man and an average woman. Almost all the differences between men and women are small to medium. 6. Reflect on androgyny


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