PSYC 359 1st EditionExam 2 Study Guide1. Differentiate between direct and indirect rewards.There are two types of rewards that influence attraction. Direct rewards are noticeable and indirect rewards are benefits of which we’re not always aware and are merely associated with someone else. Examples of direct rewards are compliments from a lover, receiving advice, and fun interactions. Indirect rewards come from things we don’t realize, like the fact that many people marry a spouse with the same first letter name. We like those who like us. Another indirect reward is a person who makes it more likely that your children with thrive and survive. 2. Give evidence for and exceptions to the principles of proximity and familiarity in attraction. Explain one reason why proximity may foster liking. Evidence for: college students like people in their classes who they sit near. In student housing complexes, people who lived close to each other were more likely to become friends. When others are nearby, you can enjoy the rewards they can offer. Proximity may foster liking due to the mere exposure effect: being around someone makes you like them. Exceptions: Overexposure can be negative. In a condo study: people’s friends live nearby, but their enemies do to—people that annoy you annoy you even more if you’re around them a lot. 3. Discuss physical attractiveness including (a) the proposition that “what is beautiful is good,” (b) the factors that lead us to judge others as attractive, (c) an evolutionary perspective on attractiveness, (d) how attractiveness influences liking, (e) for whom physical attractiveness is more and less important, (f) the beneficial versus detrimental effects physical attractiveness has when we are interacting with others, and (g) matching.a) We assume that good-looking people have more positive qualities that compliment their nice appearance. Attractive people make more money and are promoted more often than non-attractive people because we assume they are more talented. b) There does seem to be a universal sort of beauty—in a study done by the book’s authors, peopleagreed on who was the most attractive in a group. “Baby” features (large eyes, small nose, full lips) are considered attractive when combined with adult features like prominent cheekbonesand a broad smile. Also, average faces are considered to be most attractive—composite faces of average of features. Symmetrical faces are attractive. WHR (waist-to-hip-ratio) for women is .7. c) Early humans who successfully sought fertile, robust, and healthy mates were more likely to reproduce successfully than those who simply mated at random…thus these common preferences developed over time. d) Physical attractiveness is very important when you first meet them. Studies on speed-dating show that decisions about whether you want to see the person could made in just 3 seconds because you like them based on their looks. e) Physical attractiveness is more important to men when they ponder the question. In online dating sites, men are more likely to come out and say that they are looking for an attractive mate. f) More attractive women get more dates, but plain women spend just as much time talking to men. More attractive men get more dates and spend more time talking to women on average. Attractive people tend to be less lonely, more socially skill, and be a little happier than the rest. However, others lie to pretty people more often and its hard to tell why someone wants to date you. Attractive people trust others less. g) We’re likely to end up with partners who are about as attractive as we are. 4. Understand the impact facial and body symmetry can have on our assessments of attractiveness.Facial symmetry is considered to be very attractive—go over slide of composite faces…the more average and symmetrical a face gets, the more attractive it is. WHR is .7 for women and .9 for men…with average women with a .7 WHR being the most attractive. That means that slender women with a .7 WHR are lessattractive than average women with at .7 WHR. 5. Know about the phenomenon of reciprocity in liking and relate the desirability formula to reciprocityas well as the matching principle.A partner’s desirability=his/her physical attractiveness times his/her probability of accepting you. This means that are judgments of how likely it is that someone will like us in return. The best acceptance comes from potential partners who are selective and choosy and who don’t offer acceptance to everyone but you. 6. Identify the domains in which we are attracted to people similar to ourselves.Demographic similarity (age, sex, race education, religion, and social class). There’s similarity in attitudes and values—the more agreement, the more liking. Partners may also have similar personalities.7. Elaborate on three subtleties in the way similarity operates that may mislead people into thinking that “opposites attract.”1. Matching is a broad process that involves both physical attractiveness and various other assets and traits and trade-offs often occur. When opposites seem to attract, people may be trading one asset for another in order to obtain partners of similar social status.2. Discovering dissimilarities can take time, and we have perceived similarities, which can often be different than actual similarities. 3. Perceived versus real similarity: misperception lingers. 4. People admire those who possess skills and talents they wish they had…people are attracted to those they want to become. 5. Dissimilarity may decrease over time, thus opposites don’t attract but grow to be more like one another6. Some types of similarity are more important than others. Its especially rewarding to have someone agree with us on issues that are important to us, such as religion. Gender roles are important. 7. Discuss the issue of whether similarity fosters liking or dissimilarity fosters disliking.There’s the old cliché that “birds of a feather flock together” because we like those that are similar to us.9. Explain the concept of complementarily and identify one specific form of complementarily that may foster attraction.Complimentary behaviors are reactions that provide a good fit to your own can be attractive. Dominanceand submission are examples of complimentary behavior. In this case, “opposites” are attracting. Complimentary behavior can take time to develop. 10. Identify reasons why similar people