PSYC 359 1st EditionExam 3 Study GuideAt the conclusion of Chapter 7, students should be able to:1. Define friendship, noting its affective, communal, and sociable aspects. Differentiate friendship from love using the five components of rewarding intimacy (respect, trust, responsiveness, capitalization, and social support) with special attention to the complexity of social support in close relationships.Friendship: a voluntary, personal relationship, typically providing intimacy and assistance, in which the two parties like one another and seek each other’s company.” It is different from love in that love involves more complex feelings than like and love includes fascination, desire, and exclusivity. Love is more confining. The following things are part of friendships: respect: friends admire each other and believe the other is commendable, considerate, honest, and willing to listen to others. Trust: friends trust each other and believe the other is selfless, which leads to interdependency. Capitalization: friends share good news with one another and receive enthusiastic, rewarding responses. Social support: we rely on our friends for social support, which comes in the form of material support, physical comfort, advice support, and emotional support…there are lots of effects of having/not having social support(emotional support has physiological effects, effective social support leads to us feeling closer to one another, some people provide better support, and we need support that fits our preferences.) Responsiveness:friends have perceived partner responsiveness, which is the extent to which we feel valued, validated, and understood2. Identify the rules of friendship and reflect on how likely we are to follow them and whether they are linked to relationship success.Rules of friendship are cross-cultural and somewhat universal. The more rules a friendship adheres to, the more people feel satisfied by their friendships. They include: don’t nag, keep confidences, show emotional support, volunteer help in time ofneed, trust and confide in your partner, share news of success with your partner, don’t bejealous of each other’s relationships, stand up for your partner in his/her absence, seek to repaydebts and favors and compliments, and strive to make him/her happy when you’re together. 3. Highlight a few aspects of infants’ relationships.The needs that children have are simply those of acceptance (in early elementary years). They need to be accepted by their peers, and then later other aspects of friendship develop. Peer rejection can lead to many bad outcomes because the needs of friendship are not being fulfilledin this stage.4. Describe Selman’s model of friendship development and identify the stages of Buhrmester and Furman’s socioemotional framework. Know the perspective-taking capacity associated with Selman’s model and understand whether the key concepts of this cognitive model complement or clash with Buhrmester and Furman’s model.Buhrmester and Furman’s stages of friendship are: acceptance in early elementary years, intimacy in preadolescence, and sexuality during the teen years. Each of these needs build as we get older. Robert Selman recognized three stages of childhood friendships: Fair-weather cooperation (until age 10) “ill be your friend when it suites me”, intimate-mutual sharing, and autonomous interdependence. Different interpersonal needs may be preferment at different ages: Acceptance during elementary school, intimacy during middle school (self disclosure increases), and sexuality during high school.5. Portray relationships in the adolescent period of life including evidence from experience sampling and attachment studies on the shift from parents to peers, the stages in the social organization of adolescents’ peer relationships, and the key functions of adolescent peer relationships.Teens spend less time with their families and more time with their friends and adolescents turn to their friends for the satisfaction of important attachment needs, particularly as a safe haven (turning to an attachment figure as a source of comfort and support in times of stress). Experience sampling showed that people generally have more fun with their friends than with their family or spouse. The key function of adolescents close relationships is to provide intimacy,and is usually found in a peer that is close to them in age and interests. 6. Comment on intimacy in the relationships of young adulthood and discuss how it might change during the transition to college.Erik Erikson identified this stage as the development of “intimacy versus isolation” At this stage, young adults develop intimate relationships with their friends. In the first year of college, they gradually drift from their friendships at home and gradually develop new relationships with people at their universities. After college, young adults see less of their friends each week and the amount of time spent with same-sex friends declines (usually because they enter an intimate, romantic relationship). 7. Explain the nature of dyadic withdrawal with friendships in midlife and detail how it affects men and women.Dydadic withdrawal is: as people see more an more of a lover, they se less and less of their friends. This happens in midlife when people settle down with a romantic partner. Friendships with members of the other sex are especially affected. 8. Review evidence that seniors have smaller social networks and noting factors that may contribute to this trend (barriers, disengagement, and socioemotional selectivity). Identify reasons why the socioemotional selectivity position currently fares well as an interpretation.The elderly aren’t unsociable, but merely more selective in their friends and have smaller social networks. The socioemotional selectivity theory says that this change (decreasing social network) occurs because seniors have different interpersonal goals than younger people…they become more oriented toward the present and emphasize emotional fulfillment to a greater extent. Evidence: people with terminating illnesses also have smaller social networks. But having friends in old age decreases health problems.9. Reflect on why women’s same-sex friendships are more intimate than men’s. Explain the role culture plays in inhibiting intimacy in North American men.Women’s friendships are usually characterized by emotional sharing while men’s friendships