Psych 230 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I. Attached, Chapter 1II. Evolutionary TiesIII. The Janus Report 1993IV. Attached, Chapter 2 V. Dependency ParadoxVI. Research ExamplesVII. Communication: Enriching your sexualityVIII. The Importance of CommunicationIX. It Takes Some Learning to CommunicateX. How Women and Men CommunicateOutline of Current Lecture I. Gender and SexII. Prenatal Development: X&Y Make the DifferenceIII. Sexual Differentiation in the WombIV. Internal Sex OrgansV. External Sex OrgansVI. Sex Chromosome DisordersVII. Klinefelter’s SyndromeVIII. Turner’s syndromeIX. XYY Syndrome/ Triple X SyndromeX. Hormonal IrregularitiesXI. Congenital Adrenal HyperplasiaXII. Androgen Insensitivity SyndromeXIII. Gender Roles and Gender TraitsCurrent LectureI. Gender and Sexa. Gender- refers to behavioral, psychological, and social characteristics of men and womenb. Sex- refers to the biological aspects of being male or femalec. Both nature and nurture are important in forming gender- Case study Dr. John Money and Brenda/BruceThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Prenatal Development: X&Y Make the Differencea. Humans reproduce sexually and are made to be sexual beingsb. Each parents supplies a gamete (or germ cell), each within half of the genetic information (23 chromosomes)- Male: Sperm (X or Y)- Female: egg/ovum (X)c. Fertilization- Haploid egg and Haploid sperm and Diploid zygoted. Development of female or male sexual characteristics, usuallye. Some developments variations f. Sex is determined at conceptionIII. Sexual Differentiation in the Womba. Gestation: 9 monthsb. 4-6 weeks: gonads begin to develop and sexual differentiation starts 1-2 weeks laterc. Sex chromosomes control development of:- Internal sex organs- External sex organs - The embryo’s hormonal environment- The brains sexual differentiation IV. Internal Sex Organs a. 5th and 6th week: Primitive gonads fromb. 7th and 8th week: Gonads become tests with y chromosome and the SRY (Sex determining region y) genec. 10th and 11th week: gonads become ovaries with absence of why chromosomes and SRY gene and possibly the presence of ovarian hormonesd. “Default setting” is femalee. 10th and 11th week: Primitive duct system appear- Müllerian duct (female)- Wolfian duct (male)f. Their further development is hormonally controlled by the gonads g. Female Embryos - Lack male hormones and Wolfian degenerates - Müllerian duct forms: Inner third of vagina h. Male Embryos - Müllerian inhibiting factor regresses the Müllerian- Testosterone stimulates the Wolfian ductV. External sex Organs a. Homologous Organs: Developed from the same prenatal tissuesb. 8th week: Tubercle Differentiates- Female: Female hormones from mother and placenta promote development into female external genitalia - Male: Androgen secreted by the testes stimulate development into male external genitaliaVI. Sex Chromosome Disordersa. Over 70 sex chromosome abnormalitiesb. Extra or missing sex chromosomesc. 3 most common:- Klinefelter’s Syndrome- Turner’s Syndrome- XYY Syndrome and Triple X SyndromeVII. Klinefelter’s Syndromea. XXY – egg contained an extra Xb. 1/700 live male birthsc. Develops male genitalia, but not fullyd. Tall, feminized bodye. Low testosterone levels; low in sexual desiresf. Gynecomastiag. Infertileh. Testosterone therapy can enhance secondary sex characteristicsi. Often undiagnosedVIII. Turner Syndrome a. XO – egg has no sex chromosomeb. 1/2500 live female birthsc. Ovaries aren’t fully developed- Amenorrhea- Infertiled. Short staturee. Immature breast developmentf. Mental retardationg. Estrogen and progesterone therapyh. Health problems in adulthoodIX. XYY Syndrome / Triple X Syndromea. XYY or XXX – sperm contains an extra sex chromosome, or egg has an extra Xb. May be normal male (XYY) or normal female (XXX)c. May have slight mental retardation and/or fertility problemsX. Hormonal Irregularities a. Hermaphrodite- born with fully developed testes and ovaries; extremely rareXI. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia a. XX girl exposed to excess androgen from adrenal glands prenatallyb. 1/15,000 girlsc. Female internal organs; sometimes masculinized external genitaliad. Similar syndrome develops from mother taking male hormonese. Corrective surgery, drugsf. Pregnancy possible in many CAH femalesg. Higher rates of bisexuality and homosexualityXII. Androgen Insensitivity Syndromea. XY – the body doesn’t respond to testosterone that is produced by the testesb. 1/20,000 boys born with AIS each yearc. No internal reproductive structure except two undescended testesd. Shallow “vagina”e. Breasts developf. Do not menstruate; infertileg. Surgery can lengthen vaginah. Genetically male, but fully feminized as femaleXIII. Gender Roles and Gender Traitsa. Gender stereotypes greatly influence our thoughts and interactionsb. Gender roles – culturally defined behaviors, attitudes, emotions, traits, mannerisms, appearances and occupations that are seen by the culture as appropriate for females and malesc. Gender traits – biologically determined differences between males and