PSYCH 230 1st Edition Lecture 22Outline of Last Lecture I. Sexual Dysfunction: Definitions, causes and treatment strategy II. Psychological Factors in Sexual DysfunctionIII. Physical Factors in Sexual Dysfunction IV. Categorizing the DysfunctionV. Treatment Dysfunction VI. Sexual Desires Disorder VII. Hypoactive Sexual DesireVIII. Sexual Aversion DisorderIX. Sexual Arousal Disorders X. Female Sexual Arousal Disorder Outline of Current Lecture Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV/AIDSI. Sexually Transmitted InfectionsII. Attitudes About Sexually Transmitted InfectionsIII. High Risk Groups and STIsIV. Birth Control, Pregnancy, and Sexually Transmitted InfectionsV. Ectoparasitic InfectionsCurrent LectureI. Sexually Transmitted Infections a. Over 19 million STIs reported in U.S. each year, half to those to people 15-24 years oldb. Since many are unreported or undiagnosed, the actual number is much higherc. Many are unaware of the risks and consequences of STIs d. In the U.S., mandatory reporting applies only to syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia and HIVe. Most effective way of avoiding STIs is to abstain from oral, vaginal, and anal sex or be in a long-term, mutually monogamous relationship with someone free from STIsf. Attitudes About Sexually Transmitted InfectionsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.g. High-Risk Groups and STIsh. Birth Control, Pregnancy, and Sexually Transmitted InfectionsII. Attitudes About Sexually Transmitted Infectionsa. STIs have been viewed as a sign of corrupt sexualityb. The Punishment Concept of disease – a person got what he/she deservedc. Negative beliefs and stigma about STIs currently existd. These negative attitudes can interfere with getting tested for an STIIII. High-Risk Groups and STIsa. Higher rates in racial/ethnic groups/minorities, men who have sex with menb. Incidence growing in young adults due to multiple partners and/or inconsistent condom usec. Women have more risk of complications from STIs because vaginal tissue is fragiled. Women more likely to be asymptomatice. Some infections have properties of latency (i.e., person has the virus, but no symptoms)f. African Americans have higher rates of many STIs than other groupsg. The difference is partially explained by differences in health care clinic reporting methods, access to health care, ability to seek help, IV drug use, poverty and sexual practicesh. Increases among men who have sex with men (MSM) due to decreased fear of HIV, increase in high-risk sexual behaviors, lack of knowledge, accessing partners via Internet, increased use of drugs/alcoholi. Women who have sex with women (WSW) can acquire bacterial and viral STIs from skin-to-skin contact, oral sex, vaginal or anal sex using hands, fingers, shared sex toys and vulva-to-vulva contactj. WSW at higher risk for STIs because less likely to obtain yearly pelvic exams than heterosexual womenk. STI rates significantly higher in bisexual women than among women who have sex exclusively with womenIV. Birth Control, Pregnancy, and Sexually Transmitted Infectionsa. Barrier methods can decrease the risk of STIsb. Non-oxynol 9 may increase the risk of infection by irritating the skinc. Condoms are the most effective contraceptive that reduces the STI riskd. Condoms cannot cover all of the penis, vulva, or scrotume. Oral contraceptives may make cervix more susceptible to infections due to changes in vaginal discharge.f. STIs can affect pregnancies – miscarriage, stillbirth, early onset of labor, mental retardation, fetal or uterine infectiong. 30-40% of preterm births and infant deaths are due to STIsh. Some can cross the placenta (syphilis, HIV)i. Some can infect the newborn during delivery (chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes, HIV)j. HIV can be transmitted through breastfeedingk. Antibiotics and C-sections can minimize harmV. Ectoparasitic Infectionsa. Parasites that live on the skin’s surfaceb. Two sexually transmitted varieties:c. Pubic Lice1. Also called “crabs”2. Small, wingless insects difficult to detect on light-skinned people3. Attach to pubic hair (preferred) by their claws and drink from tiny blood vessels under the skin4. Cannot survive more than 24 hours off of the body; reproduce rapidly and eggs are cemented to the hair5. Highly contagious6. Incidence: common7. Symptoms: mild to severe itching (particularly at night) thought to be due to allergic reaction from their saliva8. Diagnosis: lice and eggs are visible9. Treatment: kill eggs and lice with Kwell ointment (shampoo, cream); clothing and sheets dry cleaned, boiled or washed in hot waterd. Scabies1. Mite Sarcoptes scabiei2. Spread via any skin-to-skin contact3. Mites can live up to 48 hours off of the body4. Not visible to naked eye5. Incidence: millions worldwide among all ethnic groups, races and social classes6. Symptoms: rash and severe itching7. Diagnosis: examination of the rash and a skin scraping can confirm diagnosis; immediate diagnosis and treatment necessary8. Typically less than 10 mites on the body during an infection9. Treatment: topical creams; clothing and sheets washed in hot