PSYCH 230 1st Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last LectureI. Sexual OrientationII. What Determines Sexual Orientation?III. The Anxious Avoidant TrapI. Avoidant Attachment Style: Cope by DeactivatingOutline of Current Lecture Sexual Orientation Cont. I. Models of Sexual Orientation: Who is Homosexual?II. Measuring Sexual Orientation: How Prevalent?III. Why Are There Different Sexual Orientations?IV. Biological TheoriesV. Developmental TheoriesVI. Behaviorist TheoriesVII. Sociological TheoriesVIII. Interactional Theories Current Lecture I. Models of Sexual Orientation: Who is Homosexual?a. Kinsey continuum: 7-point scale from exclusively heterosexual behavior to exclusively homosexual behavior- First scale to suggest sexual orientation is a continuous variable- It emphasized behavior- It is static in timeb. Klein sexual orientation grid (KSOG) – expanded Kinsey’s continuum- 7 dimensions: attraction, behavior, fantasy, emotional preference, social preference, self-identification, lifestyle- Each dimension is measured for the past, present and ideal II. Measuring Sexual Orientation: How Prevalent?a. Kinsey’s statistics (1948):- 37% men, 13% women had at least one adult homosexual experience- 4% men, 3% women were lifelong homosexuals- 10% of white men were mostly homosexual for at least 3 years between 16 &55-years oldb. Laumann et al. statistics (1994):- 4% of women had sex with a woman as an adult- Less than 2% of women had sex with another woman within a yearThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- 9% of men had sex with a man since puberty- 5% of men had sex with a man as an adult- 2% of men had sex with another man within a yearc. Internationally, same-sex behavior has been found in 1-3% of men, and slightly lower rates in womend. Same-sex behavior has remained constant in the U.S. over the yearse. Most believe 3-4% of males and 1.5-2% of females are predominantly homosexual, and 2-5% of the population are bisexualf. Gays, lesbians, and bisexuals are often not well represented in national survey dataIII. Why Are There Different Sexual Orientations?a. Current research has not found any significant non-neurological physical differences related to sexual orientationb. Biological Theories: Differences are innatec. Developmental Theories: Differences are result of environmentd. Behaviorist Theories: A learned behaviore. Sociological Theories: Social forces responsiblef. Interactional Theory: Biology, development, and societal factorsIV. Biological Theoriesa. Genetics- Homosexual males: 52% of identical twins, 22% of fraternal twins, 11% of adoptive brothers were also homosexuals- Homosexual females: 48% of identical twins, 16% of fraternal twins, 6% of adoptive siblings were also lesbians- Closer genetic relatedness in siblings, the more likely they shared sexual orientation- Some studies have found that homosexuality runs in families, but results are mixed- Gay men have more gay brothers than lesbian sisters- Lesbian sisters have more lesbian sisters than gay brothers- Some evidence of “gay” gene on the X chromosome, but no “lesbian” geneb. Hormones- Prenatal Factors - Stress during pregnancy increased chances of homosexual children- Evidence of prenatal hormones influencing homosexuality is weakc. Adult Hormone Levels - Current research does not support an effect of adult hormone levelsd. Birth Order- Gay men 1. Tend to have older brothers- Maternal Immune Hypothesis proposes that later-born sons could develop immune response that influences gene expression during brain development- Having older biological sisters decreases likelihood of male homosexualitye. Physiology- Portion of the hypothalamus may be larger or smaller in homosexual men, compared to heterosexual men- Differences in cerebral hemispheres of heterosexual and homosexual men and women - Brain differences seem to exist, but not known if from birth or developed later - Some differences in spatial learning and memory abilities- Generally, the findings are inconsistent and often weak- Sexual orientation is due to a combination of genetics, biology, and social influencesV. Developmental Theoriesa. Freud and the Psychoanalytic School- All of us are naturally bisexual- Male homosexuality is from an unresolved Oedipal complex; after puberty, desire for mother becomes identification with her- Lesbians cannot have their father and reject him and all men; less understoodthan males- Bieber – gay men had intimate and seductive mothers, and absent or hostile fathersb. Gender-Role Nonconformity- Correlational findings show that boys who have cross-gender traits are more likely to be gay as an adult; that girls who display male-typical behaviors are more likely to be lesbians as an adult- Many gay men were not effeminate children- Not all effeminate boys are gay as adultsc. Peer Group Interaction- Children who develop early become sexually aroused while still primarily withsame-sex peers- Homosexuals tend to report earlier sexual contacts than heterosexuals; however, Sambian boys, who live with other boys and have sex with them until adults, are primarily heterosexualVI. Behaviorist Theoriesa. Homosexuality is due to reinforcement of homosexual tendencies and/or punishing of heterosexual tendenciesb. However, society does not provide reinforcement for homosexual behaviorVII. Sociological Theoriesa. We learn how our culture thinks about sexuality, and apply it to ourselvesb. The idea of homosexuality differs in time and culturec. Individuals come to identify with one type of model- Effeminate boys may be labeled homosexual as children and adopt that roleVIII. Interactional Theorya. Bem’s theory suggests biology (genetics, hormones, neuroanatomy) contribute to childhood temperaments that influence preferences for sex-typical or atypical behaviorsb. Gender conforming kids prefer the other sex for romantic interestsc. Non-conforming children prefer the same sexd. “Exotic-becomes-erotic” – more arousal with the sex viewed as more different from oneselfe. Limited empirical support for Bem’s