Psych 230 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I. Attached, Chapter 1II. Evolutionary TiesIII. The Janus Report 1993IV. Attached, Chapter 2 V. Dependency ParadoxVI. Research ExamplesVII. Communication: Enriching your sexualityVIII. The Importance of CommunicationIX. It Takes Some Learning to CommunicateX. How Women and Men CommunicateOutline of Current Lecture I. How Men and Women Communicate ContinuedII. Theories in Gender DifferencesIII. The Effects of sexual OrientationIV. The Effects of Culture CommunicationV. John Gottman PhD and Julie Schwarz Gottman PhDVI. Types of Communication: More than WordsVII. Communicating more effectively Current LectureI. How Men and Women Communicate Cont.a. Women and Men differ in their topics of discussion b. Male- typical talk: slang, money, business, time, space, quantity, destructive actions, motion, objects, hostile verbsc. Women-typical talk: supportive, polite, expressive, home, family, feelings, evaluations, interpretations, psychological states d. Women tend to soften opinionated statements through the use of (not in all cultures): - Tag question: …isn’t it?- Disclaimers: I may be wrong, but…These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Question Statement: Am I mistaken?- Hedge words: sort of, kind of, would you mind…II. Theories in Gender Differences a. Biological: The result of genetic differencesb. Psychological: Gender differences in reinforcement experiences around communicationc. Social roles: Role expectations; focus on male dominance III. The effects of Sexual Orientation on Communicationa. Most communication research deals with heterosexualsb. Like heterosexual couples, conversational style in gay and lesbian relationships have been found to reflect power differences more than biological sexc. More power = more moneyd. May also be related to gender roles IV. The effects of Culture Communication a. Individualistic (independent sense of self) vs. collectivistic cultures (needs of the group over individual needs)b. Men and women from the U.S. disclose more personal information in their communication than men and women from some Asian Culturesc. “Low-context” cultures (express directly) vs. “high-context” cultures (rely heavily on subtle and non-verbal cues)V. John Gottman, Phd and Julie Schwarz Gottman PhDa. Failure to connect emotionally can hinder your career. It can interfere with friendships. It can weaken your relationships with relatives, including your kids. Itcan ruin your marriageVI. Types of Communication: More than words a. Nonverbal Communication - Comprises the bulk of our communication- Is expressed in various cultural forms- Adds to verbal communication- Can be less threatening than verbal, but also more likely to be misunderstoodb. Women are better at deciphering nonverbal communication and use more eye contact, head nods, smiles, and touches than menc. Computer Mediated Communication- Women are more expressive, use emoticons- Allows focus on emotional intimacy, rather than physical attraction- Online intimacy problematic if they become compulsive in their use of the internet- Online infidelity typically with people happy in a relationship; due to personality traits, (narcissism)VII. Communicating more effectively a. Make sure you and your partner have the time and energy to communicate well before you begin a conversationb. Limit use of tag questions, they can indicate uncertainty and be misunderstoodc. Pay attention to your partners nonverbal cues (when in doubt