PSYCH 230 1nd Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. Syllabus Review Outline of Current Lecture I. Understanding Human Sexuality: Theory and Researcha. Theory and Researchb. Theories about sexualityc. Psychoanalytic TheoryII. Personality FormationIII. Guiding IdentitiesIV. Psychosexual DevelopmentV. Psychosexual Stages of DevelopmentVI. Continuation of Theoriesa. Behavioral Theoryb. Social Learning Theoryc. Cognitive Theoryd. Humanistic Theorye. Biological Theoryf. Evolution Theoryg. Sociological Theoryh. Feminist Theoryi. Queer TheoryCurrent LectureI. Understanding Human Sexuality: Theory and Researcha. Theory and Research1. Theories are the intellectual structure (assumptions, principles, methods) for understanding sexuality 2. Research helps answer questions about human sexuality3. Many disciplines conduct research in sexuality, varying in the questions asked and scientific approaches takenb. Theories About Sexuality1. Many theories guide our thoughts about human sexuality2. Most theorists utilize multiple perspectivesc. Psychoanalytic TheoryThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Freud (1856-1939)2. Most influential psychological theory of sexuality3. Sex drive is a very important life force4. Two controversial concepts:a. Personality formation, especially for femalesb. Psychosexual developmentII. Personality Formationa. Two drives (motivations):1. Libido – life or sexual motivation2. Thanatos – death or aggressiveness motivationb. Two Divisions to personality1. Three levels of operationa. Conscious- information in awarenessb. Preconscious –information within recall, but not awarenessc. Unconscious-inaccessible, the most important level of operationc. Three guiding identitiesa. Id, ego, superegoIII. Guiding Identities a. Id – seeks immediate satisfactionb. Ego – operates in reality; balances id and superegoc. Superego – values & restrictions; conscienced. Psychoanalysis required if ego does not balance id and superegoe. Psychoanalysis brings unconscious thoughts into consciousnessIV. Psychosexual Developmenta. Basic personality formed within the first six years of lifeb. Stages of development 1. Corresponding erogenous zones where libidinal energy is directed2. Unsuccessful progression through each stage could result in fixation3. Fixation occurs when libidinal energy is caught in that stage’s zoneV. Psychosexual Stages of Developmenta. Stage (time period): Zoneb. Oral (0-18 months): Mouthc. Anal (18 months-3 years): Anusd. Phallic (3-6 years): Genitals (Penis/Clitoris)4. Boys: Oedipus complex, castration anxiety5. Girls: Electra complex, penis envye. Latency (6 years-puberty): Nonef. Genital (puberty-death): Genitalsg. No fixations resulted in a heterosexual adultVI. Continuation of Theories a. Behavioral Theory 1. Only study overt behavior; ignore internal states 2. Operant conditioning (Skinner)a.reinforcementb. punishment3. Behavior modification – tool to change unwanted behaviora. Aversion therapyb. Social Learning Theory1. Bandura2. Basis in operant conditioning3. Also consider internal events in affecting behavior4. Identification and imitation of same-sex parent in development of our gender identity5. Peer pressure influence on our sexualityc. Cognitive Theory1. Individual differences in processing information2. Behavior is a result of our perceptions and conceptualizations of our environment3. Largest sex organ – the brain4. We are sexually aroused by what we think is sexually arousingd. Humanistic Theory 1. Self-actualization – we try to be the best we can become2. Unconditional positive regard allows us to become self-actualizede. Biological Theory1. Our sexuality is controlled by our physiology, genetics2. Sexual problems due to physiological causes; interventions include medications or surgeryf. Evolutional Theory1. Combination of evolution and sociology2. Sexuality serves mainly to reproduce 3. Primary goal is to pass on one’s genes 4. Consider mate preferences from an evolutionary perspectiveg. Sociological Theory1. Sexual expression varies across societies2. Institutions influence rules societies hold regarding the expression of sexualitya. Familyb. Religionc. Economyd. Medicinee. Lawf. Mediah. Feminist Theory1. Sexology is dominated by white, middle-class, heterosexist attitudes2. Sexuality research is based on male sexuality3. Social construction of sexuality based on power, historically held by men4. Women as passive and submissive5. Sexuality used by men to maintain power over women6. Lack research on female orgasm, satisfactioni. Queer Theory1. Heterosexism and homophobia should be resisted2. Heterosexism is not the norm, with all else deviantj. Sexual categories are cultural constructions that limit and