ANTH 110 1nd EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 11 - 17Lecture 11 What are the two Primate suborders? Which has the most branches?The Strepsirhines and the Haplorhines are the two Primate suborders. The Haplorhini suborder has the most branches (i.e. parvorders, superfamilies, subfamilies, etc.) The Haplorhini suborderconsists of monkeys, apes, humans, and tarsiers. The Strepsirhini suborder consists only of lemurs and lorises. What is an evolutionary trend? What are the four groups of evolutionary trends? List the locomotor evolutionary trends. Evolutionary trends are traits that apply to all primates. We call them trends because there are variations in how those traits are exhibited by smaller and larger primates.Locomotor trends: generalized skeleton, grasping ability (prehensility), opposable thumbs, five digits (pentadactyl), nails (not claws) and tactile acuity, tendency to erect posture in torso, clavicular retention. Lecture 12 What are Primates' evolutionary dietary trends? List them. What is the typical human, old worldmonkey, and ape dental formula? What is the typical dental formula for new world monkeys? What are incisors, canines, premolars, and molars each used for?Dietary trends: generalized dental pattern and tendency to omnivory. The typical human, old world monkey, and ape dental formula is 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars. The dental formula of new world monkeys is 2 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, and 3 molars. There are four basic tooth types: Incisors, Canines, Premolars, and Molars. They are used for biting, puncturing, tearing, and grinding, respectively. What are sensory trends do all Primates share?All Primates have dermal ridges on their fingers to allow for a heightened sense of touch, reduced sense of smell, and enhanced sense of sight. Note that the sense of smell does vary among primates, but that the general rule of reduced smell and enhanced sight does apply.Lecture 13What type of sight do all Primates have, and what do they entail? In what way do Strepsirhines and Haplorhines differ in terms of sight? How do we see this difference affect the anatomy of each suborder? Why is color vision important?Primates have binocular sight. This means that both eyes face forward, allowing for overlapping fields of vision. Primates also have stereoscopic sight. This means that information from each eye is transmitted to both sides of the brain. This gives Primates better depth perception. Sterpsirhines are color blind, where as Haplorhines are not. Color vision is important because fur colorr is often a sign of dominance, some primates exhibit different colors on their body parts when fertile, and color allows an animal to tell when berries or fruits are ripe enough to eat. In terms of anatomy, the difference in vision between Strepsirhines and Haplorhines affects the way their eyes are protected. Every Primate has a post-orbital bar which is a bony ring around the eye. However, only Anthropoids (the infraorder of Primates that includes monkeys, apes, and us) also have post-orbital closure which extends behind the eye ball in order to better protect and support it. We have more protection because we rely more on sight than other infraorders. What life history/behavioral trends do all Primates share?Primates have a long period of infant dependency and parental investment is high. We have fewer offspring, so we have to be more involved and more protective. There is a higher probability that primates will survive to reproduce. Primates have primarily single births. Also, primates are gregarious. We live in groups and are very social. Lecture 14What are some characteristics of Strepsirhines that set them apart from Haplorhines?- Rhinarium (wet nose)- Attached upper lip- Tapetum lucidum (reflective retinas)- Different blood supply to uterus- Postorbital Structure (the bony bar that all primates have to protect the eyes)- Metopic Suture (The forehead is separated into two halves connected by a suture.)- Unfused Symphysis (Their jaw is separated into two halves connected by a suture.)- Toothcomb- Grooming clawWhere can Lemurs be found? What are some of their general characteristics? Where can Lorisesbe found? What are some of their general characteristics?Lemurs can be found on the island of Madagascar and other islands off the coast of Africa. They are extinct elsewhere in the world. Larger Lemurs are diurnal and eat vegetables, fruits, leaves, buds, and bark. Smaller Lemurs are nocturnal and insectivorous. Ringtailed Lemurs are female-dominated and live in groups of about 15. Lorises can be found in tropical forests and woodlands of India, Sri Lanka, southeast Asia, and Africa. They are nocturnal, insectivorous quadrapeds (tree dwellers). Females form associations for foraging or sharing the same sleeping nest. Lecture 15What are the two Haplorhine infraorders? Provide distinctive characteristics of each. What are the differences between Old World and New World monkeys?The Tarsiers and the Anthropoids are the two Haplorhine infraorders. The Tarsiers are the only members of their own infraorder. The Anthrapoids consist of apes, monkeys, and humans. The Tarsier is a small-bodied, nocturnal primate found on the islands of southeast Asia. They eatinsects and small vertebrates which they catch by leaping from branch to branch. They are highly specialized and closely related to apes and monkeys. The basic social pattern of Tarsiers appears to be a family unit consisting of a mated pair and their offspring. This is not like the human marriage. It is a more temporary relationship, not lifelong. Again, the Tarsiers are the only members of their own infraorder. So while they are Haplorhines like us, they are very distinct Haplorhines. Fun Fact: Each of the Tarsier's eyes weigh more than its brain. In terms of relation between eye and body size, the Tarsier has the largest eyes of any mammal. Common traits of Anthropoids are: (consider these in relation to lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers):- larger brains and body size- reduced reliance on the sense of smell- greater degree of color vision- bony plate at the back of the eye sockets (post-orbital closure)- different female reproductive anatomy- longer gestation and maturation periods- fused mandible (recall not so in strepsirhines)- sexual dimorphism (males are bigger than females)New World monkeys are often referred to as Plattyrhines because they have a flat nose.