ANTH 110 1nd Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. What is Anthropology?II. Introduction to the Major Subfields of AnthropologyA. Cultural AnthropologyB. ArchaeologyC. Linguistic Anthropology Outline of Current Lecture I. Introduction to the Major Subfields of Anthropology, cont.A. Biological/Physical Anthropology II. The Development of Evolutionary Theory Current LectureI. Introduction to the Major Subfields of Anthropology, cont. A. Biological/Physical AnthropologyPhysical demonstrates (1) how human populations vary and how some are different Anthropology than others, (2) that past populations have evolved over time, and that (3) modern human populations are still evolving and are changing through time. Physical Anthropology has its foundation in the early 1900's with the emergence of "Naturalists". Naturalists were scientists before being a scientist was considered a career. Naturalists were those who became increasingly aware of different aspects of thelandscape and evidence that life forms have changed over time. They recognized variation. Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace played huge roles in the movement that brought about this field of study by concerning themselves with how species came to be. There are many different specialized areas of Physical Anthropology. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Paleoanthropology is an area of Anthropology concerned with fossils, things from prehistory, and human evolution. A question they might ask: When do we have evidence of bipedal organisms thriving on the landscape? - Some Anthropologists study human variation. This area of study is known as the Biology of Contemporary Populations and is concerned with the biological differences within the human species. The purpose is to describe and explain biological differences between various human populations including body proportions, blood type, hair type, skin color, etc. - Primatology (Primate Biology) is the study of non-human primates. Even non-human primates have culture; They make tools, live in social groups, and have hierarchies. There are roughly 300 living non-human primate species to be studied. - Molecular Anthropologists study DNA. There are two areas of DNA to be studied: DNA in the nucleus and Mitochondrial DNA. - Osteology is the study of bones. There is much to be studied about our 206 bones which are always changing. We don't reach skeletal maturity until 25, and there are differences between male and female bones. It is things like that allow those who study Osteology to determine the age and sex of the individuals whose bones are discovered.- Forensic Anthropology is the sector of Anthropology which focuses on recent bones in order to assist with current investigations. - Paleopathologists study disease through the study of bones, as some diseases leave marks/features in the skeleton. II. The Development of Evolutionary TheoryPrior to the 1700's, no one appreciated that there were changes occurring amongst populations. There was an adherence to the idea that everything in the world was static - that things did not change and had not changed, that the world as you observed it was the way that it had always been and always will be. This idea is referred to as "Fixity of Species" - the belief that life-forms could not change. To question this was a crime. The plan of the universe was believed to be the design of a grand being. However, perceptions started to change when exploration began. For example, there was a discovery that the world is not flat. We began to come into contact with people of different cultures and perspectives, different plants and animals. This realization of tremendous diversity was first tackled by John Ray and Carolus Linnaeus around 1700. John Ray the provided first definition of a species. His recognition that members of the same species can mate and produce viable offspring is still how we define a species today. Carolus Linnaeus developed a system of classification and the basis for taxonomy. He created a 4-tiered taxonomy, but now, it is more. His system of classification was controversial, as it put usin the same system with animals. He also created binomial nomenclature. Georges-Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon recognized that there are certain plants in certain areas and other plants in other areas. Essentially, he recognized that there is a geographical pattern of plants and animals. He also noticed that some seemed to look like eachother, others didn't. He theorized that plants and animals could change if they moved between areas. He never produced a mechanism to show or prove this, however. Baron Georges Cuvier appreciative of the fact that there seemed to be evidence of creatures and plants that are no longer in existence (what we refer to as extinct). He still had a more religious perspective of the world, however, so he did not feel comfortable to recognize extinction as a change of organisms, but that it was a result of catastrophic events. Erasmus Darwin believed that all life began in the ocean and all species descended from a common ancestor. He published Zoonomia: The Laws of Organic Life. He suggested that time,competition, and environment play massive roles in the changing of species (i.e.