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UT Knoxville ANTH 110 - Introduction to DNA
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ANTH 110 1nd Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture l. Changes Over TimeA. Charles LyellB. Jean-Baptiste LamarckC. Thomas Malthus ll. Natural SelectionA. What is Natural Selection?B. Darwin's FinchesOutline of Current Lecture I. Summary of Natural Selection II. Introduction to DNAA. DNA structureB. DNA functionC. Protein SynthesisD. ReplicationCurrent Lecture I. Summary of Natural Selection Individuals featuring favorable variations will enjoy a competitive advantage over others, These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.and they will survive in proportionately greater numbers, and they will produce offspring in increasingly greater numbers. Both Darwin and Wallace knew that the principle cause of natural selection is the environment. The problem was that neither Darwin nor Wallace knew the source of individual's variation. Scientists have found that the answer is genetics, or inherited characteristics. Things like microscopes allowed scientists to observe the molecular makeup of organisms. As a class, we are working towards an understanding of human variation. We are asking: what forces account for variation?- Mutation: Mutations in the DNA can account for variation. - Natural selection: Genetic migration, when an individual moves somewhere new and takes his/her genes with him and introduces them to a new population, can impact variation.- Genetic drift: Genetic changes that are related to chance can account for variation. How do these work? We will discuss this after establishing a foundation on the topic of DNA. First, we must discuss DNA makeup. II. DNAWe learned about DNA in the 1950's. There were scientists leading up to the mid-20th century who suspected that there was a cellular component that was responsible for the passing down of traits from parent to offspring. There was a race to discover what it was. Watson, Crick, Wilkins, and Franklin finally came up with the structure of DNA. Franklin did a ton of work on this theory, but she didn't get credit or a Nobel Prize because she passed away before it was recognized. We have DNA in the nucleus of the cell (nuclear DNA) as well as in the mitochondria (Mitochondrial DNA). We got our nuclear DNA from our parents. We get our Mitochondrial DNAfrom our mothers, because mitochondrial DNA is found in the egg. So, we have the same mitochondrial DNA as our mothers. A. DNA structureDNA is composed of two chains of nucleotides. The nucleotides are arranged in complementary pairs. (Cytosine and Guanine, Adenine and Thymine.) Each nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases. There can be a neutral variation that has no recognizable change. B. DNA functionWhat can DNA do? It can replicate itself. This is critical for life processes like mitosis (For example, skin cells undergo mitosis to replace what cells are lost. The results are exactly like the parent cells.) and meiosis (Sex cells, or gametes, undergo meiosis.). Remember, the results of meiosis differ from mitosis, because the offspring cell only has half the DNA of the parent cell. C. Protein Synthesis RNA can be considered the "unzipped" DNA. DNA undergoes a process much like replication to produce an RNA. Then, the RNA exits the nucleus through a nuclear pore and comes in contact with ribosomes outside of the nucleus. Here, the proteins are synthesized. theRNA is synthesized three bases at a time (codon). The ribosomes create amino acids that bind together and creates proteins. D. ReplicationEnzymes go to work to sever bonds between the bases, to make the strands unzip. Free floating bases are drawn to open bases that are there as a result of being separated. Enzymes will knit the ladder shape back together. Ultimately, you end up with two strands of DNA. Half of each strand is "old", half is


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UT Knoxville ANTH 110 - Introduction to DNA

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