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UT Knoxville ANTH 110 - Exam 1 Study Guide
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ANTH 110 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 10Lecture 1 (August 25)What is Anthropology? What are the major subfields of Anthropology?Essentially, Anthropology is the study of people. Anthropologists are interested in discovering what it means to be humans. Anthropology is literally defined as "the field o inquiry that studieshuman culture and evolutionary aspects of human biology".There are four major subfields of Anthropology: Cultural, Archaeology, Linguistic, and Physical. Culture shapes perceptions of the environment and world views in a way that distinguish societies from each other. These differences are what cultural anthropologists are interested in. Linguistic Anthropology is the study of the origin of language and speech. The use of language (i.e. words, slang, dialect, regional variation) is a unique characteristic of humans. For example, peoples living in a region which experiences heavy snowfalls have many different variations of the word "snow" where other regions that do not experience heavy snowfall do not. As anotherexample, there are very many different variations of the word "money" in the United States, as it is an important part of our culture.The goal of Archaeologists is to reconstruct the past. Those who work in this field of study seek to gain information from and interpret the significance of material culture, or artifacts left behind. The study of Archeology is divided into Historic studies and Prehistoric studies. Physical Anthropologists are concerned with how human populations vary, the evolution of populations over time, and the continued evolution of modern populations. Physical Anthropology has its foundation in the early 1900's with the emergence of "Naturalists" like Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. Paleoanthropology (study of fossils), Primatology (study of non-human primates), Molecular Anthropology (study of DNA), Osteology (study of bones), Forensic Anthropology (investigation of recent bones), and Paleopathology (study of disease through the study of bones) are all subfields of Physical Anthropology. Lecture 2 (August 27)To whom can we attribute the development of Evolutionary Theory? Why?Prior to the 1700's, there was an adherence to the idea that everything in the world was static - that things did not change and had not changed, that the world as you observed it was the way that it had always been and always will be. This idea is referred to as "Fixity of Species" - the belief that life-forms could not change. The plan of the universe was believed to be the design of a grand being. However, perceptions started to change when exploration began. For example,there was a discovery that the world is not flat. We began to come into contact with people ofdifferent cultures and perspectives, different plants and animals. This realization of tremendous diversity was first tackled by John Ray and Carolus Linnaeus around 1700. John Ray provided the first definition of a species. His recognition that members of the same species can mate and produce viable offspring is still how we define a species today. Carolus Linnaeus developed a system of classification and the basis for taxonomy. He created a 4-tiered taxonomy, but now, it is more. His system of classification was controversial, as it put usin the same system with animals. He also created binomial nomenclature. Georges-Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon recognized that there are certain plants in certain areas and other plants in other areas. Essentially, he recognized that there is a geographical pattern ofplants and animals. He also noticed that some seemed to look like each other, others didn't. He theorized that plants and animals could change if they moved between areas. He never produced a mechanism to show or prove this, however. Baron Georges Cuvier appreciative of the fact that there seemed to be evidence of creatures and plants that are no longer in existence (what we refer to as extinct). He still had a more religious perspective of the world, however, so he did not feel comfortable to recognize extinction as a change of organisms, but that it was a result of catastrophic events. Erasmus Darwin believed that all life began in the ocean and all species descended from a common ancestor. He published Zoonomia: The Laws of Organic Life. He suggested that time, competition, and environment play massive roles in the changing of species (i.e. evolution).Lecture 3 (September 3)To whom can we attribute the development of Evolutionary Theory? Why?Charles Lyell recognized that climate, plants, and animals, and land surfaces vary through time, but underlying influences are constant. Wind, water erosion, local flooding, frost, decomposition, volcanoes, earthquakes, and glaciers in the past produced what we see today. He claimed that there are natural processes that occur repeatedly and have impact on the landscape and environment. Lyell promoted Uniformitarianism, the belief that there are only uniform processes over time. He believed that processes occur in a consistent, uniform manner. He promoted the idea of a really ancient history of the earth, because it would take a long time for these uniform processes would take time to have an effect on the landscape. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was the first to promote a mechanism for change. He recognized that that continued use may bring changes in form. He produced the idea of acquired characteristics: If you use a body part of don't use a body part, that it will impact its development. Lamarck believed that changes made during an individual's lifetime are passed onto the offspring (i.e. body size, plastic surgery). We know now that this is not true. Only genetic traits can be inherited.Thomas Malthus wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population. He said that populations have a tendencyto increase in size, but that growth is kept in check by a limit of natural resources. His theory led both Darwin and Wallace to the principle of natural selection. Darwin and Wallace recognized that competition for food and water is critical. They drew that if there is a limited availability, there must be competition between living organisms. What is Natural Selection? Give an example. Natural Selection is the theory that certain biological traits become more or less popular depending on whether or not they lead to more reproductive success. Elephants are a prime example of natural selection. People are after the ivory tusks of elephants and


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UT Knoxville ANTH 110 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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