ANTH 110 1nd Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. Introduction to the Major Subfields of Anthropology, cont.A. Biological/Physical Anthropology II. The Development of Evolutionary Theory Outline of Current Lecture l. Changes Over TimeA. Charles LyellB. Jean-Baptiste LamarckC. Thomas Malthus ll. Natural SelectionA. What is Natural Selection?B. Darwin's FinchesCurrent Lecture l. Changes Over TimeA. Charles Lyell Charles Lyell recognized that climate, plants, and animals, and land surfaces vary through time, but underlying influences are constant. Wind, water erosion, local flooding, frost, decomposition, volcanoes, earthquakes, and glaciers in the past produced what we see today. He claimed that there are natural processes that occur repeatedly and have impact on the landscape and environment. Lyell promoted Uniformitarianism, the belief that there are only uniform processes over time. He believed that processes occur in a consistent, uniform manner. He promoted the idea of a really ancient history of the earth, because it would take a long time These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.for these uniform processes would take time to have an effect on the landscape. On a side note, Lyell was also a lawyer, geologist, and a close friend of Darwin. It has been said that Lyell was Darwin's mentor. B. Jean-Baptiste LamarckJean-Baptiste Lamarck was the first to really promote a mechanism for change. He recognized that that continued use may bring changes in form. He recognized that if you use a body part of don't use a body part, that it will impact its development. This idea is known as "acquired characteristics". Lamarck believed that changes made during an individual's lifetime are passed onto the offspring (i.e. body size, plastic surgery). We know now that this is not true. Only genetic traits can be inherited. C. Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population. He said that populations have a tendency to increase in size, but that growth is kept in check by a limit of natural resources. His theory led both Darwin and Wallace to the principle of natural selection. Darwin and Wallace recognized that competition for food and water is critical. They drew that if there is a limited availability, there must be competition between living organisms. ll. Natural SelectionA. What is Natural Selection?Natural Selection - only traits that can passed on from one generation to the next are influenced by natural selection. Individuals making up a population vary in inherited characteristics -----> Some individuals have higher reproductive success than others -----> Change in proportions in population carrying different genes. Elephants are a prime example of natural selection. People are after the ivory tusks of elephants and will kill them in order to harvest the ivory. Elephants without ivory tusks have a better chance of thriving to adult hood and having offspring because they are not being hunted. Over decades, the practice of hunting had such an impact on the elephant population, 38% now don't have tusks. It was closer to 1% before the rise of harvesting ivory tusks.B. Darwin's Finches Charles Darwin's finches are a popular example, if not the first recognized example of natural selection. Darwin joined the crew of the HMS Beagle on its voyage around the world (1831-1836). Darwin spent years studying on the Galapagos islands. In particular, he studied finches. He could tell the birds of the species were similar, but some of their beaks were different. He recognized that there were patterns between their beaks and the foods found where they lived. All of the qualities of the birds and having read the works of everyone thus far, he promoted the idea of natural