ANTH 110 1nd Edition Lecture 20 Outline of Last Lecture I. The Epochs of the Cenozoic EraA. PaleoceneB. EoceneC. Oligocene Outline of Current Lecture I. Miocene EpochA. Early MioceneB. Middle MioceneC. Late Miocene II. The Bipedal AdaptationCurrent Lecture I. Miocene Epoch - The Miocene Epoch can be separated into two "sets" of time: Early to Middle (25-12 mya) Middle to Late (15-5 mya)- "Golden Age of Apes" (23-5 mya)- Over 100 species of apes were around during the Miocene Epoch. This was the "boom"of the apes, because now we only know of about 5 species of apes. - Apes traveled amongst Africa, Europe, and Asia. During the early Miocene, Primates were found mostly in Africa. However, during the middle to late portions of the Epoch, primates could be found in Asia, Africa, and Europe. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- It was much warmer than the Oligocene Epoch, and the continents were much like they are today. A. Early MioceneProcunsal (genus) lived in Africa in the early Miocene when much of Africa was rainforests and open woodlands. He was a "dental ape" because he shared the same dental patterns as other apes (y-5 dental pattern). He had very thin teeth enamel. This is how we know that he/she is a Fruit eater. He also had adaptation for quadrapedal locomotion and no tail. Victoriapithecus (also Early Miocene, Old World Monkey) was from Kenya, Africa. We can tell it is not an ape because its cusps (of teeth) are parallel, while apes have a y5 pattern instead. B. Middle Miocene Dryopithecus was from Europe and was best known for a diet of relatively tough foods, having no sagittal crest, being arboreal, having brachiates, long arms, long hands, and long fingers.Ouranopithecus C. Late Miocene Sivapithecus was from Asia. Sivapithecus was an arboreal quadraped and weighed anywhere from 70 to 150 lbs. He had broad zygomatics (wide cheeks), projectingmaxilla (protruding mid-face), and incisors. Gigantopithecus was also from Asia. He went extinct because it was a bamboo eater, but bamboo disappeared for a long period of time. There is much speculation surrounding the Sahlenthropus tchadensis. The question: Is it a Hominoid (ape) or Hominin (human)?? How can we tell? Apes and humans both have y5, so not that. The way we can tell is that we have bipedalism. But the pelvis wasn't discovered, only the skull. So now what? The only way we can tell with the skull is the foramen magnum. II. The Bipedal Adaptation- The earliest Hominins are all from Africa and date from 6 mya. - The bipedal adaptation suggests most dramatic changes occur in the pelvis. Of course, our arms and hands are also different because we don't use them as those who bear their weight on them do. Our feet are also different. Our big toes are parallel to all our other toes.Why did Hominins become bipedal? It was an evolution of needs.1. Carry items2. Hunt3. Collect nuts and seeds4. Reach higher up5. Regulating heat6. Visual Surveillance7. Long distance walking8. Male