ANTH 110 1nd Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I. Summary of Natural Selection II. Introduction to DNAA. DNA structureB. DNA functionC. Protein SynthesisD. ReplicationOutline of Current Lecture I. DNA FunctionA. Protein Synthesis Overview II. Genes III. Anthropologists and DNACurrent Lecture I. DNA FunctionsDNA directs protein synthesis. Human beings consist of many proteins. Proteins are major structural components of tissue. Collagen, which is in connective tissues, is a protein. It is in blood, cartilage, bone, and fats. Hemoglobin is also a very important protein. Enzymes and hormones are madeup of protein. Enzymes (i.e. lactase) serve as catalysts in cellular functions. What proteins are formed is determined by the arrangement of bases in our DNA, or our DNA code. A. Protein Synthesis OverviewThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Protein Synthesis occurs in the ribosomes within a cell. After the RNA has been formed within the nucleus through transcription, it exits the nucleus and finds a ribosome. Here, the genetic message in DNA is converted into proteins. Every series of 3 RNA bases, or a codon, is matched with an anti-codon. This pairing results in an amino acid being created. Each anti-codon corresponds with a particular amino acid. There are 60+ variations of anti-codons, but only 21 amino acidsthat can be produced from them. Thus, more than one anti-codon can create each amino acid. There are "start" and "stop" codons that signal ribosomes to start and stop attaching anti-codons, thus ending the amino acid chain. Step-by-Step:- First, transcribe (transcription) DNA into mRNA. This process is similar to replication. - Second, translate (translation) the mRNA into chains of amino acids.- Lastly, the amino acid chain then folds into specific proteins. II. GenesOur genes are packed into DNA, and our DNA is packed into chromosomes. We each have 46 chromosomes. Sequence variation is what determines our genes. The different combination of amino acids is one thing that causes us to be varied. Sequence Variation, though it can make no difference in amino acid sequence, can result in a different amino acid. There is likely that the amino acid will change if the difference is in the last base of the codon. There are 3 different categories of human genes:Structural genes are responsible for producing and maintaining our structural parts. These produce proteins responsible for morphology or traits. Morphology is your size or shape of not only your whole self, but your individual parts. These genes will determine whether or not we have freckles, what color our eyes are, etc. Essentially, they determine what we look like. Regulatory genes control timing of development. They turn genes on and off critical for development (i.e. puberty). Homeobox genes, sometimes known as Hox genes, are used for super early development. They regulate embryological development. For example, differences in vertebrae are caused by HOX genes during early uterine (embryonic) development. In 1990, effort begun to sequence the entire human genome, which consists of some 3 billion bases comprising approximately 25,000 to 30,000 genes. The goal was finally achieved in 2003. It was known as the Human Genome Project.III. Anthropologists and DNAAnthropologists use DNA to address numerous questions about populations and individuals. They compare similarities and differences in DNA code (aka sequence variation) in order to know differences between populations. The Genographic Project (by national geographic) is an example of this sort of research. It was meant to identify human populations and track migrations. Researchers wanted to estimate whether populations have intermixed. They asked any willing people to send in swabs of saliva so that they could generate a map of a human history, of sorts. From global DNA data, those with the Genographic Project and other scientists were able to chart the spread of humankind out of East