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UT Knoxville ANTH 110 - Apes
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ANTH 110 1nd Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I. Old World MonkeysOutline of Current Lecture I. ApesA. Lesser ApesB. Great Apesi. Gorillasii. Chimpanzees and Bonobosiii. Orangutans I. Primate Social GroupsCurrent Lecture I. ApesApes are a part of the Hominoidea superfamily. Within the superfamily, there are two types of apes: the lesser apes and the great apes. The lesser apes are longer, leaner, and lighter than the great apes. All apes share have molars with a wide-five pattern, no tail, a downward facing nose, a large brain, and a capability to create tools. A. Lesser ApesGibbons and Siamangs are considered "lesser apes". These apes are found in southeast Asia. They have very long arms with hands that can grip. Lesser apes are monogamous animals. There is some sexual dimorphism in relation tothe color of fur, but otherwise, males are not necessarily any larger than woman. Each family unit of lesser apes has its own marked territory. These lesser apes make very particular noises in order to claim territory.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.B. Great ApesBonobos, Gorillas, and Chimpanzees, and Orangutans are classified as great apes. All apes but the Orangutans live in Africa. Orangutans live in Asia. i. Gorillas i. GorillasIn a group of gorillas, there is one dominant male, several females, and their collective offspring. The dominant male is referred to as a silverback male. The average male gorilla is 400 lbs. No male is born as a silverback. It comes about with maturity and being sexually active. ii. Chimpanzees and Bonobos Bonobos and Chimpanzees are very closely related. More aggression is seen within common chimps. All male members of a group of chimps stay within their birth group. Because they stay, they are referred to as philopatric. The female chimps that are forced to leave are referred to as dispersed. Because no male chimp leaves, all male chimps in a group are related. iii. OrangutansOrangutans live on the islands of Bornea and Sumatra. Orangutans are almost exclusively solitary, unlike the other apes we have discussed. Obviously, mother and infant relationships are still very strong. The mother stays with the infant until it is 8-years-old. Though Orangutans are solitary, there is a male that hovers over an area wherea couple of females live and defends and mates with them. There is a lot of sexual dimorphism amongst Orangutans. Males are nearly twice as large as females. Dominant males can be told apart by their well-developed cheek pads. I. Primate Social GroupsWhat are the motivations behind social strategies? Strategy refers to some kind of behavioral adaptation. As with any behavior, there are costs and benefits. Weighing these allows for primates to make a decision about how they will live. Solitary living comes entails decreased protection and decreased ability to compete, but lesscompetition can be a good thing. On the other hand, group living entails increased protection and ability to compete, but there is more competition. There are 5 major forms of social groupings for primates. 1. Monogamous (lesser apes, for example)2. Polygynous (1 adult, dominant male and numerous females - Gorillas, for example)3. Polyandrous (1 reproducing female and several adult males - New World monkeys, for example)4. Multimale multifemale (chimps, for example)5.


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UT Knoxville ANTH 110 - Apes

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