Chapter 11: Dominance and PowerPower: an individual’s ability to influence others.Dominance: the display or expression of power through behavior; behavior is only dominant if it works.Social Influence: changing someone’s thoughts, emotions, or behaviors.Principles of Power:1. Power is a Perception: others are only powerful to the extent that we think they are powerful.- People who use power cues (powerful language and nonverbal) tend to makeus think they are powerful.- Exceptions: Peaceful protest leaders such as ghandi and MLK jr.Objective power: authority associated with factors such as position, strength, weaponry, and wealth.2. Power exists in relationships:- Power is always a relational concept.- One individual cannot be dominant without someone else being submissive.Relative power: how much power one has in comparison to one’s partner.- People are most happy with equalitarian relationships.- People are least happy in relationships where the woman has considerably more power than the man. 3. Power usually represents a struggle over resources: the more scarce and valuedresources are the more intense and protracted are power struggles.The Scarcity Hypothesis: people have the most power when the resources they possess are hard to come by or in high demand.- Who earns the most?- Who is most attractive?- Who has what parenting abilities?4. The person with less to lose has greater power: people who are dependent on their relationship/partner are less powerful, especially if they know their partner is less committed and may leave them.Dependence power: people who are dependent on their relationships and have low quality alternatives are in the powerless position.Principal of least Interest: The person who is more attracted and/or more in love is at a disadvantage when it comes to power.- The person who values autonomy over connectedness has more power as they control how much together time the couple has.5. Power can be enabling and disabling:- People who communicate dominance in a socially skilled manner are more successful in achieving their goals and maintaining good relationships.The Chilling Effect: the less powerful person often hesitates to communicate grievances to her or his partner.Demand-withdraw sequences: the less powerful person is usually in the demanding position . AKA “Flee Pursue”6. The Prerogative Principal: the partner with more power can make and break the rules.Interpersonal Influence Goals- Lifestyle changes: most important; messages are logical, positively presented and direct- Gaining assistance: less significant yet personally and relationally important; messages are often indirect (hints and suggestions)- Sharing activities: requests are most often indirect, appealing to emotion, not logic- Initiating sex: men initiate in dating, women in marriage- Changing political attitudes: indirect appeals for involvement that are low in coerciveness- Giving health advice: successful messages are direct and logical- Psychological reactance (boomerang)- persuader is too controlling, demanding or judgmental causing the receiver to become defensive and resistant; continues engagement of unhealthy behavior or worse- Changing relationships: use direct comm, logical appeals and lots of positivity Verbal Power Ploys: Direct requests, bargaining, aversive stimulation (negative, ie. Whining), ingratiation (positive, ie. Sucking up), hinting, moral appeals, manipulation, withdrawal, deception, threats, distributive communication (bullying).Non-verbal Power Ploys: physical appearance, spatial behavior, eye behavior, body movements, touch, the voice, time , artifacts.One-up Messages: dominant and controlling messagesOne-down Messages: different, submissive, or accepting.One-across Messages: neutral.Transact: a pair of utterances.- Symmetrical: when both people use the same moves (dominant/dominant or submissive/submissive).- Competitive: when two people repeatedly use one-up moves.- Submissive: when two people repeatedly use one-down moves.- Neutral: when two people repeatedly use one-across moves.- Complementary: when one person is dominant and one is submissive.- Transition: when a one-up or one-down message is paired with a one-across message.Authoritarian parents: demanding, directive, and non-responsive. Control and monitor children’s behavior continuously, so that it conforms to strict standards of order. Expect children to obey them without question.- Power assertion: expect complete control of children w/ no explanationPermissive parents: undemanding, non-directive, and responsive. Relinquish most of theirauthority and let children regulate their own behavior in most situations. When they punish their children, which happens rarely, they are lenient. They try to stay responsive to their children by showing support and encouraging them. The parent acts more like a friend, giving the child excessive power.Authoritative: blend aspects of authoritarian and permissive styles. Demanding and directive, but also responsive. They have clear standards and expectations on how the child should behave, and these terms are communicated to the child in which they can understand. These parents set some limitations but also allow the child some freedom and privacy. They are responsive in that they generally avoid harsh punishments and focus instead on reasoning with their children and providing support. The parent acts like a benevolent teacher. - Inductive philosophy: believe it is critical to provide children w/ reasoning, moreeffective- Reflection enhancing- encourage children to think how their actions affect themselvesChapter 12: Privacy and SecretsCommunication Privacy Theory: the theory explains how individuals maintain privacy by setting up boundary structures to control risks inherent in disclosing private information. Boundary structures are based on two elements:- Ownership: who has the right to control the information- Permeability: rules govern who can access the information that we own\Principles1. Rules for CPM are influenced by: Culture, personality, the relationship, sex differences, and motivation.2. Successful boundary management often requires cooperation between people (boundary insiders) 3. Co-owners of info sometimes undergo boundary turbulence, old structures must be fortified or renegotiatedPrivacy ViolationsSubversive Invasion Tactics: covert privacy violations (eavesdropping, opening mail, going through personal things)Direct