Study Guide Exam TwoAmericans’ value - Individualism- equal opportunity- material acquisitiono materially well off and physically comfortable- science and technologyo nothing is impossible when scientists, inventors, and engineers put their minds to a tasko prize rationality, objectivity, empirical evidence, and scientific methods- progress and change- work and playo work hard → leisure- competitiveness. Hofestede’s Five Value Dimensions- individualism/collectivismo individualism importance in order: individual, their independence is stressed, individual achievement is rewarded, uniqueness of individual  feel like they belong in many groups ex: changing jobs frequently In contrast, in Japan changing jobs means disloyalty. It’s gv accustom to stay withthe your company for their entire career.  Top ranked: US, Australia, Great Britain, Canadao collectiveness people are born into extended families or clans that support and protect  interdependency emotionally dependent African Americans, Hispanics, Asians- uncertainty avoidance (UA)o def: the extent to which people within a culture are made nervous by situations that they believe are unconstructed, unclear, or unpredictable, which they try to avoid through strict code of behavior and belief in absolute trutho High UA avoid uncertainty by providing stability for members through established, formal social protocols, intolerance of deviant ideas and behaviors, resistance to change written rules, planning, regulations, rituals high levels of anxiety Greece, Portugal, Guatemala, Uruguay o Low UA easily accept uncertainty, tolerate unusual, and not threatened by others ideas or people prize initiative, risk taker, flexible, few rules as possible, less constrained Singapore, Jamaica, Denmark, Sweden, US- power distanceo low power distance Austria, Finland, Denmark, Norway, US inequality should be minimized guided by law, norms, and everyday behaviors that make power distinctions minimal as possible business atmosphere decisions shared, subordinates consulted, bosses rely on teamo high Power distance India (castes still basically exist), mexico, Africa superiors and subordinates belief they are very different from each other.people are not equal and everyone has a rightful place. power and authority are facts of life- masculinity/femininity o learned and mediated by cultureo masculinity dominant values are male oriented men to assertive, ambitious, competitive, strive for success, and respect someone who is bigger, faster, and stronger highly developed gender roles in masculine-oriented cultures Japan, Austria, Venezuela, Italyo femininity stress nurturing behaviors, sexual equality, interdependence, androgynous,  Sweden, Norway, Netherlands, Denmark, Costa Rica- long-term/short-term orientation (“Confucian Dynamism”) o based on items reminiscent of the teachings of Confucius persistent and thrift to personal stability and respect traditionso Long-Term China, Hong Kong, Taiwan would most likely have employees that are strong in work ethics and show great respect to status differences value social order and long-range goalso Short-Term don’t place high priority on status, postpone old age, concerned with ST goals, seek gratifications to their needs Philippines, US, Great Britain, CanadaKluckhohns and Strodtbeck- human natureo What is the character of human nature?o evil cultures begin with the premise that people are intrinsically evil From the last hundred years, US has just now seen themselves as a mix of good and evil Now most believe they are “perfectible” following rules, they can change, improve, and “be saved”o Good and Evil Taoist believe the universe is seen as yang and yin increase in yang, decrease in yin people cannot eliminate evil bc it’s natural and necessary for the universeo Good Confucianism and Buddhism have the most extreme view of innate goodness of human nature “human nature is originally good” “born pure and closest to ‘loving kindness’ when you enter the world” people are good, it’s the culture that’s evil- person/nature orientationo human beings are subject to nature most powerful forces of life are beyond their control god, fate, magic must learn to accept it India, South America Mexico Catholicism huge role of fate to in controlling life and natureo cooperation with nature widespread and seen in East Asians nature is part of life and not a hostile force waiting to be subdued people should live in harmony with nature Native American’s respecting the lando controlling nature Western approach Americans believe nature can be something that could and had to be mastered tame wilderness; conquer space see clear separation of human and nature most controversial examples stem cell research and bioengineering- timeo past orientation past should be the guide for making decisions and determining truth significance of prior events history, established religions, and traditions extremely important China, Japan, Great Britain (continuation of monarchy), France (historic statues, buildings, fountains), US American Indianso present orientation what is real exists in the here and now and the present should be enjoyed Philippines and most Latin American countries Mexican Americans “prefer to experience life and people around them fully in the present”o Future orientation US dominant culture emphasize what is to come, and expect the future to be grander than the present what is going to happen holds the greatest attraction to most bc what we are doing is not quite as good as what we could be doing things will always be better in the future Americans’ view of future is optimistic “If at first you don’t succeed, try, try again.”- activityo being orientation spontaneous expression of human personality accept people, events, and ideas as flowing spontaneously stress release, indulgence of existing desires, and working for the moment Mexicans will talk for hours with companion, believing that the act of “being” is one of the main goals and joys of life value leisure time with family and friendso being-in-becoming orientation idea of development and growth contributes to development of all aspects of self as