Study Guide Exam TwoCommunication between Cultures1. Perception- the means by which you make sense of physical and social world. Diverse cultures have taught their members to look at the world in different ways. The same object can evoke different reactions. Perceptions of and responses to external events determined by culture.2. Link percept and culturea. Perception is selective- tons of stimuli competing for attention, but only selected information allowed into the conscious mind. What is allowed is determined by cultureb. Perceptual patterns are learned- culture teaches you the meaning of life’s experiences3. Beliefs- accepted as truths, what is trusted as a source of truth and knowledge depends on culture and experience; beliefs form the basis of values4. Values- provide rules for making choices and resolving conflict; relatively broad based, enduring and stable; values are instilled early on and can be viewed as non-rational to other cultures a. Primary- most important, worth dying for (democracy and protection of loved ones)b. Secondary- important (alleviation of suffering of others and securing material objects)c. Tertiary- bottom of hierarchy, less profound/consequential (hospitality and cleanliness)Examples of Values:- Evil v good- Dangerous v safe- Ugly v beautiful- Abnormal v normal- Irrational v rational- Dirty v clean- Decent v indecent- Unnatural v natural- Paradoxical v logical- Moral v immoral5. Cultural Patterns- groups values, beliefs and other orientations collectivelya. Obstacles of using cultural patternsi. We are more than our culture- not all individuals feel the sameii. Cultural patterns are integrated- patterns do not operate in isolation (respecting elderly also affects values related to respect and decision making)iii. Cultural patterns are dynamic- culture and values changeiv. Cultural patterns can be contradictory (USA “all equal”- prejudice against gays)6. Dominant US Cultural Patterns7. Differing Cultural Patterns8. Hofstede’s Value Dimensions9. The Kluckhohn’s and Strodtbeck’s Value Orientations10. Hall’s High Context and Low Context Orientations11. Face and Facework12. Cultural diff in percept influence intercult commSamovar et al. ArticleKnow each of the major theories. For example…What are Hofstede’s Dimensions? Who is Hall and whatis monochronic/polychromic and high/low context? In addition to understanding these, you should be able to apply these theories. I will give you an example of behavior and you will need to identify this behavior as low or high context, high or low power distance, etc. You do NOT need to memorize the rankings of the country’s on the various dimensions. However, you should pay attention to those countries that are at the extremes (the most individualistic, the most masculine, etc.).Ch. 51. Communication skills that help build relationships:a. Relationship Initiationb. Self-disclosurec. Emotional Support- responsiveness (shows care, concern and liking)d. Negative Assertion- stand up for self and save face in conflicte. Conflict Management- listen, understand and refrain from hostility2. Social Penetration Theory (developed by Altman and Taylor): self-disclosure usually increases gradually as people develop their relationshipsDimensions Self-Disclosure: a. Depth and Breadthi. Most central to process of relationship developmentii. breadth- how many topics a person feels free to discuss, INC in breadth firstiii. depth- how personal or deep the communication1. layers= superficial, social, and core b. Frequency and Durationi. How often you talk and how long it lastsii. Closeness tends to be measured higher when duration is longerc. Valence- how positive or negative the communication isi. Works with depth to create an emotional climate for self-disclosured. Veracity- the truthfulness of the contentRisks of Self Disclosure: Fear of…a) Exposure or rejectionb) Retaliation or Angry attacksc) Loss of controld) Losing IndividualitySelf-Disclosure and Likinga) Disclosure-Likingb) Liking-Disclosurec) Too Much Disclosure, Too Early lead to Dislikingd) Indiscriminate Disclosure can lead to Dislikinge) Negative Responses to Disclosure lead to Disliking3. The Dyadic Effect: in initial stages of r’ships, self-disclosure is reciprocal4. Stages of Social Penetration Theory (developed by Altman and Taylor)Stage 1: Orientation- info low in depth and breadth, Stage 2: Exploratory ExchangeStage 3: Affective Exchange- INC depth of disclosure and talk on emotional level, + and - valenceStage 4: Stable Exchange- complete disclosure5. Knapp’s Stages of Coming TogetherInitiating- greeting, superficial info, positive valenceExperimenting- INC breadth and frequency, low depth (small talk= ↑breadth ↓ depth; lays foundation for personal disclosure), most relationships stop hereIntensifying- INC depth of disclosure and emotional expression, + and - valenceIntegrating- become couple, mergingBonding- public commitment6. First Dates:a. Dating scripts- predictable sequence, men ask women out and control the situationb. Women initiated dates- women seen as liberal, open, active, extroverted, less attractive7. Cohabitationa. Relationship Stability- marriage most stable, selection effect describes instability b. Relational Quality- may be caused by time (1st year is honeymoon phase)c. Communication Patterns- marriage least conflict, cohab not intending to marry most violent8. Turning Point Approach: emphasize events that stand out as having strong impact on r’ships, nonlinear approach (50-60% of close r’ships)Communication-Based: get to know time vs quality timeActivities and Special Occasions: most common turning pt identified in friendshipsPassion and Romance: level of passion, platonic turns romanticCommitment and Exclusivity: serious commitment, external competition (+/- to comm level)Change in family/social: new family member, interference from a third partyProximity and Distance: physicalCrisis and Conflict: times of crisis, sacrifice or support, making upPerceptual changes: positive/negative psychic changeCh. 6What is closeness? What are the different types of closeness?What is affectionate communication? Immediacy?What are the three different types of affectionate communication? Be able to categorize each of the communication acts (compliments, disclosure, physical contact, etc). What is the paradox effect?What is affection exchange theory?What are the major types of