Ch. 11. How did the field of Interpersonal Communication start?- Started in 1960’s-70’s (took a while to gain credibility) with social psychologists examining attraction, love, and social exchange. Focused on how people communicate in small group, but soon they realized that interpersonal communication differs based on the type of relationship you’re looking at.- 1984 INPR (International Network on Personal Relationships) established the first journal dedicated solely to the study of personal relationships, Journal of Social and Personal Relationships.2. What are the differences between John Gray and John Gottman?- John Gray: Men Are From Mars, and Women Are From Jupiter; men and women are different, sticking to gender stereotypes ensures success. The differences in gender communication style are the reason marriages fail.- Dr. John Gottman: what people think they do and what they actually do are different. Believes that it is the everyday mindless moments that are the basis of romance in marriage and you have to make mental maps of each other’s world inorder for marriages to be successful and it is gender stereotypes and reactions tostress why marriages fail.3. Know differences between role relationship, interpersonal relationships, and close relationships- Role: Functional, casual, involve limited behavioral interdependence (Limited on the mutual dependency of each other); interchangeable (ie. store clerk, landlord)- Interpersonal: includes all above qualities as well as some level of mutual influence beyond simple behavioral interdependence (More mutual influence anddependency on each other), unique communication, repeated interaction- Close/Intimate: includes all of the above qualities as well as emotional attachment, sometimes irreplaceable (this characterizes our closest relationships). (ie. boyfriend, husband, best friends)4. What needs do close relationships fulfill? C.I.A.- Affection- ability to love others and through having others love us, a resource thatstrengthens relationships and makes people feel better about themselves and others. The only need that is fulfilled in small groups called dyads (inclusion and control can occur either with pairs or a group).- Social inclusion- needs for safety and survival, crucial because it enables us to have successful interactions with other people, w/out it loneliness and low self-esteem.- People like to feel in control of their life. People who make decisions together have more successful relationships.5. Know the principles of communication and how to apply them.Principles of Interpersonal communication (interpersonal or role relationships):i. Interpersonal communication consists of nonverbal (everything else; facial expressions, physical reactions, etc) and verbal (involving language) messagesii. One cannot NOT communicate in interpersonal settings/ Communication is Inevitable (even if you don’t try to respond to things, you still respond)iii. People use Interpersonal Communication to fulfill goals (self-presentational goals[things we do/say to sell ourselves] Relational goals [how we communicate feelings about others, including the type of relationships we want out of that] and Instrumental goals [with a task in mind; getting good grades, getting a ride to school, etc])iv. Interpersonal communication can be effective or ineffective types of comm andbehaviorbehavior not interpretedbehavior interpreted inaccuratelybehavior interpreted accuratelySent with intention attempted comm miscommunication successful commSent w/out intention unattended behavior misinterpretation accidental commv. Content vs. Relational Information (every message contains both content and relational information)i. Content- literalii. Relational- what you derive about the relationshipvi. Interpersonal Communication can be symmetrical or asymmetrical, either messages mirror each other or not (symmetrical [dominant/dominant or submissive/submissive] or asymmetrical [dominant/submissive])6. Principles of Relational Communication (close relationships):- Relationships emerge across ongoing interactions, over time- Relationships Contextualize Messages (what kind of relationship you have with aperson puts the message into a particular context)- Sends a Variety of Relational Messages (how you communicate also communicates the type of relationship you have)- dynamic (constantly changing)- follows Linear AND Nonlinear patternsCh. 21. What is identity?- the person we think we are and communicate to others- theory of self that is formed and maintained through actual or imagine interpersonalagreement about what the self is like2. Social Identity Theory: identity is formed in interactions with other people3. What is Communication Theory of Identity and its four frames of identity?a. Personal- ID an image we construct within ourselvesb. Enactment of communication- ID develops through communication with others; ID is a part of all messagesc. Relationship- ID develops through communication over time that defines ourselves in terms of relationships with others; how one acts/feels differently with different peopled. Communal- ID partly a function of the group we belong to which teaches rulesregarding the “right” way to behave4. Describe the research on the millennial generation.- Generation is occupied with their identities; more self-absorbed, self-centered, confident, entitled, and narcissistic than their parents; more hedonistic, image conscious, sexually active (and take these qualities for granted); most miserable5. Self-Expansion Theory: explains how ID influences the development of close relationships after 1st impressionsa. People seek to expand, be more than they areb. People enter into relationships to expand ID, be exposed to new experiencesc. Relationship success depends on the ability to expand a partners ID6. Principles of Identity Managementa. ID and Hierarchal Structure- relationships, roles, goals, personal qualities, accomplishments, group/cultural memberships, appearanceb. ID and the Looking Glass Self- the feedback we receive from others helps share our ID; people show/tell us who we are (Looking Glass Theory)c. ID and Interpretation of Feedback- likely to interpret feedback from others as consistent with ID when you already have a foundation of who you arei. Accepting or rejecting a complimentd. ID, Expectations and Behavior- living up to an ID means to act a certain wayi. Self-fulfilling prophecy- occurs when an expectation exists and a