Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 7-10Main Questions for All Drugs in Each Chapter1. Questions about the history of each of the main kind of drugs?2. What is nicotine, performance enhancing drugs, and inhalants?3. Are they a stimulant or depressant?4. What are the mechanism of action for each drug?a. How is nicotine working in the body?5. Acute and Chronic Toxicity?6. Therapeutic Questions?7. How are they used and what are the main concerns of each drug?Lecture 7- Ch. 10: Nicotine and Tobacco Use (September 16 & 18)HistoryPoints to Consider:- Europe was the first country to been introduced tobacco, but originally comes from North and South America.- Tobacco was discovered by Columbus in the New World from the Indians in 1492, but brought and introduce it to the Old World. - Rodrigo de Jerez was the first European to be a tobacco user and quit cold turkey, but was accused of witchcrafts when he introduced it to Spain. - In 1559, tobacco was officially introduced in Europe at first it was a new discovery over time tobacco was seen as a fashion statement within the aristocrats, specifically in France. - Some ways tobacco was used was chewing and snuffing. o Europe first started to snuff tobacco and slowly changed to chewing in America, but only the colonies. Some Native American Indians prefer to smoke their tobacco, during the chewing and snuffing era. o Reasons for Chewing Tobacco:  Cheaper and easier to do while during labor, but later the issue arose when people had to spit the tobacco juices causing the spread of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. So the solution was to use it by smoking.Cigars v. Cigarettes- Cigars was first used and made in the US, they were made by rolling up dried tobacco leaves. The cigarsstill gave a sense of chewing since the cigar was all made of tobacco leaves, it helped North Carolina make a huge profit and other tobacco producing colonies. - Cigarettes are rolls of shredded paper and wrapped around by white paper. Since these two were madearound the same time, huge competition to sale them, were very conflicting between America and Britain. They used all the propaganda to sell their product, but eventually changed with the faster producing machine James Bonsack used for cigarettes, making them cheaper to buy. By the 20th century, there were was an increase in woman smoking tobacco to challenge male dominance. BIOL 3303 1nd Edition- 1964- The first official statement by a surgeon concerning the health of a tobacco user came out, when they saw a per capita decline. o So the federal government solved this by changing the cigarettes by including a filter to reduce the amount of nicotine intake, low-tar and nicotine were put to reduce the health risks, but the smokers used more to get the same desired effects causing a greater health risk. - Industry Today:o Faces challenges to increase their profits and legal issue of people suing the company for their health consequences of using their product. o Two main events happened that changed the American Society for Tobacco Use.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), who announced the environmental tobaccosmoke (ETS). The ETS was a research done to claim and assured the consequence of sidestream smoke.  The second event the federal government gave and agree to support all fifty U.S. states by giving in all 246 billion dollars to compensate all the costs that they can to pay for the number of people who ended in hospital and need to be treated.- Keep In Mind: Most states did not use the money for its intended purpose such as rehab and prevention advertisements. o All the policies have made most public areas a non-smoking area. o Decline of tobacco use is also caused by the federal excise tax because of inflation and they use this money to develop federal programs warning youth about tobacco use.  Keep in mind: other factors have cause a decrease in the tobacco use rate. - Media Over Timeo 1970s and 80s, there was a rapid increase in advertisements by commercials, magazine covers, and various other sources.  Target for women: especially cigarettes A symbol of fashion statement.  Major advertisement were from famous family television shows such as the Flintstones, Grease, and other major media hits during that time.  Over time this advertisements has diminished as a results of the policy implied to them, since the main purpose now is to warn and stop people in general to quit using nicotine and tobacco use. o In the U.S. the use of tobacco is decreasing, there are other parts of the world were big companies goes to sell their products.In Tobacco- Nicotine o Is a stimulant itself, but remember that tobacco is made of different components.o The main addictive component of tobacco. o Mechanism: Nicotine stimulates the central nervous system receptors that are sensitive to acetylcholine, called nicotinic receptors. o Effects: release of adrenaline which increases blood pressure and heart rate. Another activity happening is the inhibition of the gastro intestinal activity causing- Carbon Monoxideo A toxic gas that is odorless, colorless, and tasteless. o Mechanism: Attaches to hemoglobin, the main transportation of oxygen, causes trouble for oxygen to be delivered throughout the body. o Effects: is asphyxiation.- Taro A sticky substance that gets trapped in the esophagus that inhibits the ciliary hairs to push any trash out of the body causing respiratory problems and also allows carcinogen to get ino Effect: Carcinogen is the main cause for lung cancer and other cancers. Consequences of Tobacco UseTypes of Smoking and Other Main Ways- Inhalation is a very effective way to go through the blood- brain barrier within the gap there are gap junctions this site is were nicotine goes through and affecting this the brain function.o Elimination: Nicotine deactivates the drug by the liver before excretion by the kidney.o Has a half-life of two or three hours1. Mainstream Smoking, the main smoker is inhaling tobacco2. Sidestream, mostly known as secondhand smoking, are the nonsmokers.3. Consequences: a. Lung Cancer and other cancersb. Gum Diseasec. Increase probability of Cardiovascular Diseasei. Main type is coronary heart disease, the difficulty of supplying blood to the heartd. Stoke, blood clot to the braine. Respiratory Problem: Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema, blood in the lungsf. Pregnancy: low birth weight or premature birthg. Death by