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UT Arlington BIOL 3303 - Exam 3: Study Guide
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Exam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 11-15Main Questions for All Drugs in Each Chapter1. Questions about the history of each of the main kind of drugs?2. What is each drug?3. Are they a depressant, hallugenic, stimulating kind of drugs?4. What are the mechanism of action for each drug?5. Acute and Chronic Toxicity?6. Therapeutic Questions?7. How are they used and what are the main concerns of each drug?Lecture 11- Ch. 13: Depressants (Pages 315-327)1.Historya. Barbiturates: come from a combined product of urea and malonic acid, known as barbituric acid. This class of drug was discovered by Adolf von Baeyer from experimenting in 1864.i. The name is derived by two kinds of stories, one that Baeyer went to a tavern on the feast day of St. Barbara, which the name came in mind. The other story is that was the name of the barmaid named Barbara, possible the same tavern, also inspired him. ii. This compound was the onset to classify barbiturates.b. Nonbarbiturates:i. Chloral Hydrate, in the 19th century a few drops of this drug was put in whiskey, which became known as “Mickey Finn.” They were mainly used on sailor who came to the shore to have a good time, to then later rob them of their belongings. This drug was an early precursor for the modern day date rape drug. ii. Methaqualone (Quaalude, Sopor), was introduced first in the US, the purpose of these drug was to achieve the perfect sleeping pill. As a result that did not happen because of the huge selling of the drug in the street and mainly known for having an aphrodisiac properties. The street name for this drug was ludes or sopors. Because of the high sellingand usage of the drug, the congress later declared the drug to Schedule I, meaning that this drug has a high potential for abuse and no medical benefits. c. Antianxiety:i. Was discovered during the period in the 50s, known are the age of anxiety. For this reason the development of antianxiety drugs came into place. There were two types a minor and a major. The first antianxiety was called Meprobamate (Miltown).ii. Benzodiazepines- appeal mental health professional because of the tranquilizing effects it had instead of the sedative effects of this drug. 1. Main concern was in the 1970s, when there was a large amount of prescriptions done of this drug. In 1975, more than 100 million prescriptions were prescribed around the world, 85 million in the US. iii. Nonbenzodiazepines were mainly to treat sleep disorders and anxiety. 2.Types of Depressantsa. These types of depressants are a group of non-opioid, nonalcoholic depressant kind of drugs, also known as sedative-hypnotics.i. From this class of depressant, it is then broken down further into:1. Barbiturates- classified by how long the drug takes effect, some similar things they BIOL 3303 1nd Editionall have is that they are odorless, tasteless, at a dosage can induce sleep. a. Long Acting: Mostly administered orally and at a high dosagei. EX: Phenobarbitral (Luminal)b. Short Acting: Mostly injected and a certain dosagei. EX: Pentobarbital (Nembutal)c. Ultra Short Acting: Takes seconds to take an effect and last only a few minutes, unless you use it at a continuous fashion. i. EX: Thiopental (Pentothal), used in surgical anesthesia.ii. This type of drug is not known to be used for recreational reasons2. Nonbarbiturates-they are sedative hypnotics without the derivatives of barbituric acid and fewer undesirable effects. a. Chloral Hydrate and Methaqualoneb. A similar kind of depressant, but separate from the sedative hypnotic drugs are antianxiety drug, helps a person be relieved of a specific kind of stress and anxiety without sedating them.i. These were then further broken down into, these classes are newer, but different than antianxiety drug. 1. Benzodiazepines- was targeted to have a selective effect of anxiety, they are classified by their potency and duration of the drug. 2. Nonbenzodiazepines- mainly Zolpidem (Ambien), buspirone (BuSpar), beta blockers, antidepressants.c. Points to Consideri. Barbiturates1. Barbituric acid itself has no behavioral effects, but it does when it is combined with other molecular groups, main effect seen is depressant like behaviors. 2. Amytal (Amobarbital), has been used on court cases to get the truth out, but research has shown that these people under the influences of this drug has shown that they will say pretty much anything, the statement could either be a lie or not. 3.Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Depressantsa. Therapeutic Use:i. Barbiturates:1. Therapeutic dosage can impair the performance of driving or operating machinerybecause of the feeling of sedating and drowsiness come into place. At a higher the person achieves a hypnotic effect. 2. Historically used for the treatment of insomnia, but later fell because of the abnormal effects of sleep. a. REM Sleep Rebound: barbiturates suppress REM sleep ( is the dreaming and relaxation of the body while sleeping), this is caused by consuming barbiturates over many nights and then stopped, the central nervous system is going to attempt to recover all the lost REM sleep by producing a longer REM sleep. The REM sleep rebound as a consequence can produce vivid nightmares along with a barbiturate hangover the next day, which they feel groggy.ii. Nonbarbiturates1. Chloral Hydrate was used to treat insomnia, while not producing the effect of REM sleep rebound. iii. Antianxiety Drugs1. The main purpose was to target the treatment of schizophrenia2. Benzodiazepinesa. Librium (chloediazepoxide) and Valium are used mainly, valium has a stronger potency and duration. b. Oral administration of long acting drugs are recommended for relief of anxiety. c. For a quick effects, injecting Valium (diazepam), is used to reduce the symptoms of agitation that follow alcohol withdrawal. Also used as anticonvulsants, pre-anesthetic drug prior to surgery. d. Shorter acting drug, but administer orally are used to treat sleeping problems, because they were off quickly, just before the morning. i. Ex: Xanax(Alprazolam)e. One thing noticed is if the physician is exciting that the prescribed drug is going to work on the patient than the drug works. This leaves a doubt if benzodiazepines actually work or is it all psychological. 3. Nonbenzodiazepinesa. Zolpidem- Short term treatment of insomnia, little or no muscle relaxation is experienced. Another drug similar to this one is ezopiclone (Lunesta), was used for people with sleep disorders. Lunesta has a longer


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