Exam # 4 Study Guide Lectures: 16-21Main Questions for All Drugs in Each Chapter1. Questions about the history of each of the main kind of drugs?2. What is each drug?3. Are they a depressant, hallugenic, stimulating kind of drugs?4. What are the mechanism of action for each drug? (GABA, Dopamine, Acetylcholine, etc…)5. Acute and Chronic Toxicity?6. Therapeutic Questions?7. How are they used and what are the main concerns of each drug?Lecture 16: Ch.7 Marijuana1. Definitiona. One of the distinctive characteristics of Cannabis sativa is its resilienceb. Cannabis is Cannabis Sativa - oldest cultivated plant not used for food.c. Marijuana is obtained from the stalk of cannabis plant, but from its serrated leaves.i. The KEY psychoactive factor is in RESIN, the amount depends on the climates conditionsii. For EX: Cool and humid climates has less resin and high fiber content. In hot and dry the opposite occurs. The potency of the marijuana depends on climate factors. d. Cannabinoid2. Historye. Marijuana is the oldest cultivated plant not used for food.f. Hashish was a popular recreational drug in Paris during the nineteenth century. g. By 1890, cotton replaced hemp as a major cash crop in the southern United States.h. Bhang, is a liquid made from cannabis, THC potency is equal to the marijuana joint in the US. Ismainly used in India. i. 19TH Century: I. 1840s: Club des Hachichins (France), a group of artist who gather to read and do hashish. Somewhere Victor Hugo, Eugene Delacroix, and others. j. 1920S, marijuana smoking began to be a social thing, some historians says that the appearance of marijuana a recreational use was because of the Prohibition. Jazz musicians mainly used this type of drug in this period. k. By the end of 1920s, became known as the “killer weed,” WAS MAINLY a media campaign by theFederal Bureau of Narcotics, they had concern about the youth of that generation and after. l. 3. Classificationa. Hemp is obtained from Cannabis stalks, while marijuana is obtained from Cannabis leaves.b. There are many separate chemical compounds derived from resin, known as cannabinoids. c. THC (delta- 9 tetrahydrocannabinol), is the key psychoactive compound and active ingredient forthe effects of marijuana. d. We then categorize by: Various cannabis products are distinguished in terms of the content of cannabis resin and the THC concentration. e. Sinsemilla is a more potent form of marijuana by 15 percent. BIOL 3303 1nd Editionf. Hashish, is when resin itself is scraped from the leaves and then dried. Concentration is up to 24%. The most potent being hashish oil and oil crystals, range from 15-60% THC concentration.4. Effects:a. Chronic lung exposure is caused by the lack of filtering the joint, which causes to intake high levels of carbon monoxide and carcinogens in the respiratory system.b. Decreases the reproductive effects, by decreasing the testosterone levels. 5. Usesa. Medically used for glaucoma (THC decreases the intraocular pressure), asthma (oral administration causes bronchodilation), and nausea (during chemotherapy)Lecture 17-18: Ch. 8 Alcohol as a Social Beverage and Ch. 9 Alcohol as a Drug1. Fermentation: glucose transferred to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. 2. Brewing: process of fermenting grains. 3. Distillation: process to increase alcohol content. 4. Alcohol PharmacologyA. Absorption: occurs in the small intestine (mainly), carbonation increases rate by which the stomach empties its contents. B. Metabolism: requires no digestion and is absorbed into the bloodstream. Alcohol is broken down by alcohol dehydrogenase, which is converted into acetaldehyde, both A.dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde combined produced acetic acid. 6. Measuring Alcohol into the Blooda. Blood alcohol concentrationi. .08%, is the common % to driveii. .04%, legally fly an airplaneiii. Tolerance doesn’t affect alcohol leveliv. Technically, you are legally able to drive under 0% of alcohol in the blood. 7. Effect on CNSa. Depressant, action at the GABA receptor complexb. Effective Dose for surgical anesthesia is very close to the Lethal Dose, meaning that is a very dangerous drug. c. Behavioral effects related to depression of higher cortical function followed by depression of brainstem areas. 8. Acute Physiological Effectsa. Toxic, LD50/ED50, ration is small (about 10 is the margin of safety), therefor not a very safe drug. b. Heat loss s caused by too much consumption of alcohol.c. Diuretic Effects: suppression is caused then you have the problem with a decrease of blood. d. Cardiovascular Effects, there are some benefits but at a moderate use. e. Hangover, cause an upset stomach, fatigue, headache, and vassal dilation.9. Acute Behavioral Effectsa. Blackouts- there is an encoding problem than retrieval of alcoholb. Impairment of driving skillsc. Aggression and Violence: recent study 95% of campus sexual assaults were involved with the use of alcohol. d. Sex and Drive: I in 7 youngsters admit to having unsafe sex after drinking alcohol.e. A survey has found that large amounts of alcohol consumption has (-) effects. Smaller amounts of consumption may be protective. f. Critical review of research on the effect of alcohol on cognitive functions and dementia in the elderly, have shown some evidence. 10. Chronic and Alcoholisma. AlcoholismI. Problems associated with a preoccupation with drinkinga. Bing drinking cause a loss of control b. Symptomatic drinking (Self Medication)II. Emotional ProblemsIII. Vocational, Social, and Family ProblemsIV. Physical V. Hiding the problemVI. SMAST- test for alcoholism11. Biological a. Tolerance and Withdrawali. Evidence of toleranceii. Physical dependence seen as alcohol withdrawal syndrome, or a series of signs called delirium tremens (DT’s)b. Liver DiseaseI. Fatty Liver(fat deposits in liver)J. Alcohol Hepatitis (Liver inflammation)K. Alcohol Cirrhosis (Scarring)c. Wernicke-Korsakoff SyndromeI. 1ST Stage- confusion, disorientation, abnormal eye movements, and difficulties in body consumption.J. Severe Stage: severe memory impairmentK. Involves thiamine deficiency.L. Fetal Alcohol SyndromeA. Easily passes through the placental barrierB. No determination of a “safe” level of drinking12. Article: GeneticsA. ? To what extent is alcoholism related to genetic (nature) v. environmental (nurture) factors?B. Answer: i. Adoption Studies: slightly increased incidence in adopted children of alcoholic biological parents. ii. Twin Studies: concordance