Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. Syllabusa. Contact Infob. Textbookc. ExamsII. Drug Use: An Overviewa. Six Factorsi. Illicit v. Licitii. Recreational v. InstrumentalOutline of Current Lecture I. Present Day Drug Usea. Drug Use Statistics of College Studentsb. Drug Use Statistics of HS Seniorsc. Drug Use Statistics of Middle School Studentsd. Concerns in Modern SocietyII. Personal and Social Dangers of Drug Usea. Drug Toxicityi. Acute Toxicityii. Chronic Toxicityiii.b. Physical and Physiological Dependencec. Drugs, Violence, and CrimeCurrent LectureConsidering the factor that causes a person to use. The first one is age, looking at the diagram, we can look at the situation and analyze the increase and decrease of drug use between college, high school, and middle school students. We are looking at the issues of drug use, the University of Michigan did a survey on drug use. In the 1990s, the percent of drug use in high school was high. The number driving this percentage is marijuana, but the number continuous to increase. The reverse of the drug use between middle school and high school changed. What could have driven this percentage is the awareness of the risks of taking the drug. Compare in the 1990s and. 40 of high school senior used marijuana in the 1990s. One out of five eight graders have used marijuana. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 3303 1st EditionThe risk pattern is the interesting, the higher the awareness of the use of the drug the lower the percent of drug use. Availability of illicit drugs have not changed much over time. The distribution of certain drugs such as cocaine in Mexico is lower than marijuana growing in some one’s backyard. We could stop the war of drugs in Mexico, but we can’t quite control it in the US, because there is some much growing of marijuana in people’s home or place. Overall the use ofdrugs and the percent shown in diagrams is not accurate. A four percent use of a certain type of drug does not mean is a high percent, there are many factor that can be shown that we shouldn’t be too concerned about the data. Other statistics shown on the way we use the drug is high for eight graders than high school students, especially inhalants. That is not the case in other countries, the data shown in the textbook represents the U.S. Narcotics such as pain killers is shown to a very high percentage, but in reality most people use pain killers for different use. The percent relative to reality is not shown to be a big concern on narcotics. Other statistics shown the percent of drinking alcohol in high school students and it shows that over time students have been less to drink alcohol. For the purpose of this class, focus on the trend of the drug use. Most of the drug have shown statistically that the use has decrease over time, there are some exception such as marijuana and methamphetamine. You can look on page 16, to look at the trend, but don’t focus on the numbers, just the over trend over time. THE risks factors that are related to the use of drugs. Early alcohol intoxication is a very significant risk factor of a correlation coefficient of 0.41. The correlation is a number is in a range of -1 (a negative slope) and +1 (positive slope), as the value of on variable increases we can also most predict with some certainty the value of the other variable. For psychological research, there is no certain prediction of a variable. The closer to zero, there is a horizontal slope, then you could not predict the relation of one variable to the other variable. An example is the more you party the lower the GPA, that is a negative correlation slope. So looking at the correlation of coefficient of 0.41, is an early alcohol intoxication is significant risk factor, especially alcohol use. Other risks factors are parent use of drugs, peer approval of drug use, your kid’s friends parents, absence from school, and there are other factors that are considered to the correlation of drug use. These are some risks factors but the correlation coefficient is not accurate, there can be other variables associated with these factors. There is too much time, money, and not enough parental supervision are the overall risk factors. The primary concern of these factors are watching for nicotine and alcohol use. This concept of drug toxicity is separated into chronic and acute toxicity. This concept is going to be used and very important to understand throughout the course. Chronic are the prolong use of a drug effect, acute is an overdose of a drug. An example of this is alcohol, there is no many case of overdose, but there is a long term effect of the liver when it comes to alcohol consumption. Acute toxicity shows two things, Effective Dose is the looked for response to for example induce sleep. Second is lethal dose, is the response of death, as the curve increase you will probably see death. A ratio is calculated by taking the lethal dose fifty percent of the time of 100mg over the effective doe of fifty percent of the time of 50mg, the calculated ratio is 2, the margin of safety. We want a large lethal dose and small effective dose, there is large distance between lethal and small. The high the safety the margin the less the probability of someone being killed by a drug. Nicotine is the strongest lethal drug, a 60mg use can cause death, alcohol the margin of safety is 6,and marijuana the margin of safety is about 4,000. The overdose potential is the acute toxicity of drug use. The lethal dose curves are accidents that occur in the emergency room or when you die and the effective dose curves come from experience. As the curves come close the ratio becomes closer to 1, which would kill somebody, we want the distance to be greater. Drug dependence is not easy to define, there are a lot of factors that are consider for the reason a person become dependent of the drug. One way to look at it is a person drinking alcohol a few drink will give you an effects, but These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.over time they become tolerant. To be tolerant does not mean you addicted, but when you get a withdraw syndrome meaning the urge to take alcohol that is drug dependence. Physical dependence is the presence of a withdrawal