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UT Arlington BIOL 3303 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 5Lecture 1- Ch. 1 (August 21)Drug Use: An OverviewFactors to Consider When Talking about Drug Use: 1.Who is taking the drug? For example, there are many reasons why a person intakes a drug, age is a factorinto the consideration of a drug. Different ages have reasons to take a drug, either from a prescription or not. 2.What drug are they taking? We are referring this question as if the drug is illicit or licit. 3.When and where is the drug being used? Most of the concern for the use of drugs are the legal kind, suchas prescription drugs. We are also asking if there is an instruction for when a person can use an illicit kind of drug. 4.Why a person takes a drug? There are two types of major types of reasons for taking a drug. The first is the instrumental kind, by definition states a person taking it with a specific socially approved goal in mind. The second reason is the recreational kind, this states that the person is taking the drug for the sole purpose of experiencing its psychoactive properties. We need to analyze the reason of taking the drug by combining the two major reason with the kind of drug being taken. For example, taking Valium with a prescription to relive anxiety is using a licit drug for an instrumental purpose. On the other side of that is smoking marijuana to get high that is using an illicit drug as recreation use.5.How the drug is used? Did the person taking by inhalation, I.V., by mouth, absorption through the skin, orother various ways. 6.How much of the drug is being used? The amount of intake of the drug can have little or a lot of effect.These questions are used to analyze the drug and the drug use of it. This concept must be understood to fully analyze the modern use of drugs. Key Terms: 1.Drug- A chemical substance that, when taken into the body, alters the structure or functioning of the body in same way, excluding those nutrients considered to be related to normal functioning. 2.Illicit Drugs- drugs that are illegal by manufacture, sale, or possession3.Licit Drugs- drugs that are legal by manufacture, sale, or possession4.Drug Dependence- an individual feel a compulsive need to continue taking a drug. In the process, the drug assumes, an increasingly central role in the individual’s life. BIOL 3303 1st EditionLecture 2- Ch.1- 2 (August 26) Pattern of Drug Use in the U.S.Overall concept here is that compared to the 1980s, the percentage rate is low now. The overall pattern is that in 1978 the percentage was above fifty percent of the high school students who used an illicit drug. Also, for the purpose of this class remember that in 2010 about forty percent of high school students used an illicit drug and 1:5 eight grades used marijuana. Over time there seem to be an improvement among young people. Present Day Concerns: Prescription Drugs and Inhalants1.Specific Factorsa. Protective Factors- Factors in an individual’s life that decrease the likelihood of involvement withdrugs and reduce the impact that any risk factor might have.i. Resilience against temptation of drug use1. Parents are a source of support2. Commitment to school3. Religiosity4. Extracurricular activitiesb. Risk Factors- Factors in an individual’s life that increase the likelihood of involvement with drugs.i. Socioeconomic, ii. Psychosocial characteristics- nonconformity within society1. Antisocial behavior- fighting in school2. Friend’s drug use of marijuana, individual attitude towards marijuana use, and friends attitude towards marijuana useSome factors that are related to addiction are early experimentation, alcohol intoxication, perceived adult druguse, and peer approval of use. Important correlation is the .47 of perceived adult use, .56 of peer approval, and .41 or early alcohol intoxication. Among parents their primary concern of their children using a type of drug is nicotine and alcohol at an early age. The Personal and Social Dangers of Drug UseToxicity1.Chronic Toxicity- the use of a drug over a long time. For example, liver damage for drinking too much alcohol for a long time2.Acute Toxicity- the short term effect of drug, there could be a potential of drug overdose, but we need to understand by the curves and the margin of safety. a. Dose-Response Curve, an s-shaped graph showing the increase probability effect of a drug by the increase amount of the drug taken. For example, 60 drops of nicotine could cause death by overdose, and 5ml of nicotine in cigarettes will have little effect.b. Effective Dose Curve- this the minimal amount of dose of a drug to produce a specific effect on test population. For example, at ED50, there will be an effect of a drug for 50% of the population. c. Lethal Dose (LD)- the minimal dose of a drug to producing death in a given percentage of thepopulation. For example, it would require a high dosage of drug than the dosage to produce a nonlethal effect. d. Therapeutic Index- Ratio of LD50/ED50 for the measure of the drug’s safety for use.e. Margin of Safety- Ratio of LD1/ED99 for a better margin of safety in relation to the number lethal death. The higher the ration the higher the greater the effectiveness and lethality. The wider the margin of safety the safer or less toxic the de the drug. 3.Physical and Psychological Dependencea. Tolerance-presence of drug escalation, capacity of a drug to diminish an effect after repeated administrations. Behavioral or Condition Tolerance is the connection between drug behaviors and drug tolerance under the same conditions. b. Physical Dependence- craving for the drugi. Withdrawal Symptoms is the consequence of drug dependence4.How do we define addiction? - It is really difficult to define because of the factors that must be considered. A basic definition is the positive and negative reinforcement.Drugs, Violence, and CrimeThe basic concept for this that there is a relation of drug with violence and crime. Economically compulsive crime is stealing in exchange for a drug such as heroin or cocaine, systemic violence are the drug cartels in Mexico, and pharmacological violence is the use of violence by being under the influence of a drug. Lecture 3- Not in Textbook and Ch.3 (August 28)Crack Babies was the image or advertisement through media that made it seem that there is was a huge issue, but based on statistics and data it was not true. Fetal alcohol syndrome is a far more serious concern because there are more women who drink alcohol than they do


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