Lecture 7Outline of Last Lecture I. Nicotine and Tobacco Usea. Historyb. Health Concern and Smoking Behaviorc. Todayd. What is Tobacco?e. Pharmacology of Nicotinef. Physiological Effectsg. Smokeless Tobaccoh. Statistics in the US and Other Nationsi. QuittingOutline of Current Lecture I. Tobacco A. History of Nicotinea. Media over TimeB. Social and Economic DilemaC. Journal ReviewII. Caffeinea. Family of Xanthinesb. 3 Natural Sourcesc. Other Sourcesd. As a Druge. Physical and Pyschological Dependencef. Mechanism of Actiong. Physiological Effectsh. Behavioral Effectsi. Health RisksCurrent LectureFrom last lecture we talked about the history and the risks and effects of nicotine and tobacco use, but we did not really talk about how this affects our modern society. Let’s first start with the media, back in the 1970s and 80s, there was a rapid increase in advertisements by commercials, magazine covers, and various other sources. These advertisements were mainly a target for women, especially cigarettes, which is why during that time lot of people started to smoke, it was a symbol of fashion statement. Some of the major advertisement were from famous family television shows such as the Flintstones, Grease, and other major media hits during that time. Over time this advertisements has diminished as a results of the policy implied to them, since the main purpose now is to warn and stop people in general to quit using nicotine and tobacco use. A complete change of view over time, went from sport like figures and celebrities to showing people the consequences of nicotine and tobacco use. Today, even though in the U.S. the use of tobacco is decreasing These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 3303 1st Editionthere are other parts of the world were big companies goes to sell their products. One thing to say here is that we will always see tobacco companies because many of them contribute to political parties, so they the politicians don’t get to talk about a possibility of getting rid of tobacco and nicotine. One thing to keep in mind is that nicotine is a stimulant, you must know for the test. Also the main reason for addiction is not for the pleasure of the drug, this is because the person feels the withdrawal symptoms, making them to smoke so they don’t feel those symptoms. One journal review states that smokers commonly report cognitive deficits following an attempt to quit. Meaning that when they quit smoking for a certain time and been sober, and they are presented with smoking at a party there is a time of relapse and then again the quitting stops and smoking begins again. The have shown that poorer cognitive performance during abstinence are predicted more rapid smoking resumption. The overall summary is that cognitive impairment is related to having a time relapse. Now that we have gone over more information about tobacco in modern society, we are going to change the subject to caffeine. Things to know about caffeine is that it is a stimulant. And comes from the family of Xanthine. Other types of xanthine is theobromine, is found in chocolate and theophylline, and is found in tea. There are three types of natural resources that has found of caffeine. One of them is the most common and it is coffee, a normal cup of coffee contains about 100 mg. The second is found in tea, caffeine and theophylline here is used for respiratory or antiasthma reasons and contains about 50 mg on a regular cup of tea. The third is chocolate, it contains caffeine and theobromine and contains about 25mg. Other forms of caffeine are soft drinks, over the counter drugs, pain relievers, and diuretics caffeine. As a drug, ways people normally taking is orally and take about 30 minutes to get in the body and has a half-life of 3 hours. Because tea has a half-life is long there is very little tolerance for it and dependence. One ofthe major physical effects of caffeine is a headache, because caffeine binds to the adenosine receptors (cause sleepiness and other relaxing activities), so they cause a dilation of the peripheral blood vessels and constriction of the brain. The constriction of the brain allows to have little dilated blood in the head it results into a headache. Low doses of caffeine causes an increase of the brain cortex activity and a high dosage of caffeine has an increase of autonomic centers. Behavioral effects causes an increase in attention and vigilance and one thing to keep in mind is that caffeine doesn’t reverse alcohol intoxication. There is many risk for using caffeine, most of the research is inconclusive so far. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a