Lecture 14Outline of Last LectureI. Amphetaminesa. Therapeutic Useb. Athleticsc. Journal ReviewII. Major Narcoticsa. Historyb. Effects of NarcoticsMedical Use Outline of Current Lecture III. Major Narcotica. Toleranceb. Analgesic Propertiesc. Treatmentd. JournalIV. LSD and Other Hallucinogensa. Definitionb. Historyc. Acute Effects of LSDd. Other HallucinogensCurrent Lecture For this lecture we will finish discussing about narcotics and then finish the last chapter of LSD and other related hallucinogens. To remember the definition of narcotics is to remember that there are three natural forms of narcotics. There are a lot of drugs term or referenced as narcotics, but the true narcotics are the ones that are from phenanthrene. Even though narcotics main target is to relive pain, the main thing that does is that the suffering effect is lessen, but the pain is still there. Now, we forgot to focus on the tolerance use of narcotics. There is some issue of conditioned reflex response to the stimuli that are associated with taking the drug. The environment mechanism counter attack the drug, need an increase dose to get the desired effects. There was evidence in the 70s were the observed the rat’s cored body decrease with the intakeof alcohol, but over time there was a tolerance of alcohol. Then they took half of that group and put in a different environment and the core temperature decreased again. The point to take is that environments have certain effect on the intake of drugs. The physical dependence is indicated by withdrawal symptoms similar to the “24 hour flu,” were pain, being curled up, shaking, and vomiting are the symptoms for this withdrawal. These symptoms are mainly severe for heroine, there has also been research were people don’t die by the withdrawal symptoms of these drugs compared to alcohol. The psychological dependence of narcotics is that with animals they will self- administer opiates with a positive reinforcement. A negative reinforcement is the act of taking the drug to remove withdrawal symptoms. The treatment for narcotic users is to manage methadone maintenance. The other kind of use is narcotic antagonist, because narcotics reduce the effect of These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. BIOL 3303 1st Editionpain, the opposite of that would be the feel of pain, the two other treatments is LAAM and rapid detox. There is a journal that states people are needle sharing, known as flashblood. A large number of injecting drug users engage in needle sharing. This is a new unsafe injecting practice that is engaged in response to socioeconomic and political forces. The main point of this article is that females are using this technique as an altruistic practice to help an injecting drug user who does not have heroin. The last chapter is about LSD and other hallugenic drugs. The key word to define hallugenic drugs is that is used in moderate dosages. Anyone who take a large amount of any drug is going to have same kind of hallugenic effects, so remember that at moderate effects is the main definition for this category of drugs. One thing to keep in mind is that LSD is the most potent, first synthesized from ergot alkaloids extracted from mold found on rye grain. This could explain why in Salem there was a lot of issue with women acting strange and accusing them as witches. LSD comes in liquid form, them is put on paper, and then taken sublingually. There was a scientific discovery and early research done by Hoffman on the effects of LSD, called LSD trip. Scientific literature used to introduce psychosis in animals, treatment for alcoholics used in cancer patients, CIA research(MKULTRA or MK- ULTRA), and recreational use. Hoffman first discovered this drug by accidently taking a little of the drug on his sleeve, so he then tried a higher dose and recorded his feeling of the drug. That is where theterm LSD trip came from. Some of the acute effects of LSD is that you can see sound, also known as synesthesia, this is the main effect of this drug. Other are perception of a multileveled reality, ego-disintegration, the feeling of timelessness, great swing in motion, and separation of one’s mind of body. The pharmacological aspect of this drug is the low toxicity and lethal dose, but is a very effective dose. There is also a rapid tolerance and cross-tolerance, so it is easy to quit if not used again while the first dosage was taken. There is no evidence of physical dependence or addiction. Some of the physical symptoms are dilated pupils, increased body temperature and blood pressure. Some facts about LSD is that there is little dependence, panic attacks, doesn’tenhance creativity, and little evidence of birth defects or cancer.Other types of hallugenic is psilocyclin, it is a mellow experience of LSD, also called as “mellow mushroom.” Mescaline is not used much and mainly used by Native Americans, which they can legally take because of a law passed before it was taken away to the rest of America. MDA or ecstasy, was very popular in the 1990s, it is one of the most dangerous kinds of drug out there, one of the damages it does is in the brain, mainly depends in the frequency and dose related issue. PCP is known to produce violent behavior and pain reducing. The last one is ketamine, it is used in animals for surgery and people who use it only use it once because of the feeling of near death experience, but your nor really dead. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a