i. Really central and wonderful bookend to semesterii. Ends and the meansiii. The idea is that the present is the means and the future is the ends*iv. Sometimes- based on future goal= we will make decisions in present about the means we takev. Sometimes take attitude that ends justify means- things I do today (not getting enough sleep) isn’t ideal, but its okay because the GOAL is what matters*vi. A lot written on future time orientation/perspectivevii. Lots of different terms usedviii. Takes Bluedorn’s focus on foci= we are looking at, instead of perspective (implies cognitive process) orientation (vague)ix. But FOCI= where our attention is focused in futurei. Three different temporal fociii. What drives youiii. Where do you place a lot of your attentioniv. What do you think is most importantv. Americans We are pretty future focused because we are so youngvi. NOTE= these are all 3 separate dimensions- you can have a high past temporal focus, high future and high present- there doesn’t have to be a trade off** are tensions, but can be high/low in all of them- not relatedvii. PAST= Positive end- traditions (traveler denim)viii. On the negative side- focus on regret or being stuck in the past because it was either a great past (don’t wanna go forward) or something bad happened and you cant let goix. PRESENT= Positive being in the momentx. Negative- not thinking on long-term outcomesFUTURE= Positive- long-term thinkingOther end- negative- worry/anxiety- so concerned with what is going to happen next- lead to anxiety of wanting to controlWe only have present but we project ourselves in future and reconstruct our past**Left brain activity is centered on the past and the future- where we solve problems; thinking about things that happened/imagine things that can happenRight brain- where we experience the present- art/creativity centers, experience for its own sake very autotelica. Within a day- we are thinking about a lot of temporal depths- we are thinking about things that happen within a minute/hour/day/few hoursb. At same time- we are thinking of short-term things (sleep) but also long-term (graduate, get a job)c. We can get into a habit of really- if we have depth of future orientation- we can get into habit of leaning into future and not really realizing that there is not future, there is just NOWd. Important to mark and reflect on milestones (last Tuesday of undergrad)e. If you don’t- you immediately go into the next onei. Ex/ her friend celebrated everything- exactly what research says you should doii. Big birthdays, big eventsiii. IF NOT- its anti-climatic – kind of let downf. Research shows you SHOULD DO THAT!**i. Past Positive= tradition and focus on memories versusii. Past Negative= regret and unhappinessiii. Present Fatalistic= ill do whatever, doesn’t matter, I have no agency over my life, no control over what happensiv. Present Hedonistic= enjoying the present, finding things indulgent and enjoyablev. Future Life Goal-Oriented= very American; your own personal lifevi. Future Transcendental Life= transcends beyond our own lifetime; more towards idea of sustainabilityi. Life is temptation- yielding, resisting, present and future focusii. Kids were better students, didn’t get in so much trouble= they were FUTURE focused rather than PRESENTiii. Time Perspective= how individuals divide the flow of human experience into time cells or time categories (vary)iv. Future oriented- what will bev. Hedonism= focusing on joys of lifevi. Future sacrifices for success: family time, friend time, fun time, personal indulgences, hobbies, sleep, they live for work/achievement/controli. Zimbardo recounted marshmallow experimentii. People tend to be more this/that- that’s kind of in marshmallow experiment- don’t account for how the kids got that away and presume its something they have and its going to propel them through lifeiii. Other research on willpower= we can all use*iv. While future orientation might be somewhat state/trait based (some of us are deeply future oriented, have always been and will always be) AT SAME TIME its STATE BASEDv. Willpower- seen as moral value- you have it (you couldn’t do it so you failed, couldn’t stay on diet so failed)vi. But thing called DECISION FATIGUE= similar to physical fatiguevii. Fuel- we mean GLUCOSEviii. Same way you feel tired when you physically do something (help someone move) when you have decision fatigue you dont know you have it BUT it gets depleted because you have spent the whole day making decisions and decisions (you may not have thought you made a lot but you have)ix. This is keyx. Making decisions literally uses up the fuel (glucose) without you knowing it**xi. One reason why you like to eat while you are working (not just physically but mentally) because uses up brain and tires you out actuallyxii. Key to willpower- so you have decision fatigue- and it changes way brain functionsxiii. Less likely- when going to check out line- have candy bars- if hungry, get one not bc it’s a good food but its because you think you should just get it because its therexiv. Purposely put it at end- most likely to get to end and start adding things because you have need for immediate gratification and less willpower as result of decision fatigue**xv. Key thing when thinking of kids and marshmallow= who was hungry? Who had not eaten?i. To do things you want- automate thingsii. Ex/ if you have exercise buddy- theres someone waiting so you have to go do itiii. Ex/ scheduling/making appointment with yourself- automated, no longer making decisions bc you already know you want to do it so why waste willpower on thoseiv. So when you have important decision to make- its very simple** resources aren’t being wastedv. Not going without foodvi. Throughout the day, the more you pace yourself and makes sure you eat and don’t skip mealsvii. Simple thingsviii. “even wisest people wont make good choices when they’re not rested and their glucose is low.”ix. “best decision makers are ones to know when not to trust themselves”x. TIME IS KEY factor in your willpower- TIME OF DAY YOU ARE DOING SOMETHINGxi. We are typically suffering from more decision fatigue at end of day than at beginning of day*xii. Ex/ its hard to decide what to eat at end of day- you have decision fatigue, no more willpower lefti. Different from temporal focusii. Key thing about temporal depth= they are tethered to each otheriii. If you think into past