PSYC 1315 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Lectures 16 23 Lecture 16 March 27 Stress and Health What are Stressors A stressor causes stress It is the demand physical or psychological that s usually aversive and difficult to control Stressors also promote inflammatory activity that can compromise the cardiovascular system Define Stress Stress is the group of physiological and psychological changes triggered by a stressor Who was Hans Selye What were his stages Hans Selye discovered a common physiological response to a variety of different physical and psychological demands Popularized term stress is to denote consequences if demands Stage 1 is the Alarm Stage This is when the sympathetic nervous system is activated prepares for struggle and mobilizes resources Stage 2 is when there is a high resistance to stress possible depletion of body resources Stage 3 is the exhaustion stage where we have a depletion of bodily resources and possible illness and death Why does stress occur From what part of our body does it come from The sources of stress occurs because of memory or environment This travels to the cerebral cortex which then travels to the hypothalamus where it splits into 2 parts One part goes from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland where it secretes ACTH stimulates hormones and then travels to the adrenal cortex where it secretes corticosteroids The second path goes to the sympathetic nervous system and then the adrenal medulla where it secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline epinephrine and norepinephrine What suppresses our immune system When we have elevated adrenaline and noradrenaline from the adrenal medulla the cortisol from the adrenal cortex suppresses our lymphocyte response of the immune system What does the recently discovered 3rd path do There is a recently discovered 3rd path where the nerves of the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system go directly to lymph nodes to suppress lymphocyte activity What effect does the loss of a spouse have on us A loss of a spouse results in a compromised immune system and higher illness and death rates Caregivers take 24 longer for skin incisions to heal and dental students given a small mouth wounds take longer to heal when the cut is made before exam than during a summer vacation How did stress affect tumor growth in rats In rats levels of stress related to the levels of cortisol and growth rate of tumor placed inside them Their level of stress was being manipulated to 1 of 3 levels or not at all The faster the rats spun the faster their tumor grew What was the difference in stress between Medevac pilots and crew Medevac pilots in Vietnam showed low adrenal hormone levels while the crew members showed high levels carrying out rescue missions Level of risk was perceived as low by pilots and high by crew members How we perceive a situation determines our stress level What can persist after a stressor is removed What three things deal with stress Adrenal hormone response induced by stressor can persist after stressor is removed 3 things deal with stress cortisol adrenaline and noradrenaline Adrenaline disappears when stressor is gone noradrenaline continues to rise after stressor removal and cortisol goes down slowly after stressor removal What does stress have to do with work Work regimens should appropriate for the type and level of job stress Police fire and emergency personnel need longer rest periods Job placement should consider individuals stress response Lecture 17 April 1 Pathology and Behavior Which monkeys cope better under stress What can help us cope better Monkeys who show more social affiliation with other monkeys cope with stress of the disruption of the colonies social organization much better than the less socially connected monkeys Social support via friends family or professionals can help people cope better when under stress What was Frakenhauser s research What did Frakenhauser notice about stress Frakenhauser had a high stress machine paced tasks that some people did while others did a normal pace The high stress machines produced greater after work adrenal hormones and was related to high rates of heart disease Fifty years ago females showed less stress response to cognitive stressors than males Cognitive stress was different but the physiological stress between the two genders was the same More recently gender difference has disappeared and there is an equally high adrenal hormone Her conclusion was that the females perception of failing was just as negative as males now than before when females didn t care about failing Define normal behavior Normal behavior is when you re able to maintain relationships employment and you can see reality clearly Define personality disorder A personality disorder is when you re unable to maintain relationships consistently underemployed job conflicts misinterprets aspects of interpersonal interactions and eccentric thoughts Define psychotic Psychotic people have an extreme difficulty maintaining relationships unable to hold a job appropriate for their intellect unable to distinguish between reality and fantasy delusions hallucinations and mood extremes When were people institutionalized What was the best institution People were only institutionalized when they were a danger to themselves or others or they had an impairment of thoughts or mood Because institutions were so bad people wanted to send them back to their communities for proper care but the communities did not want them back Homeless shelters became the only institutions that could help these people What is the DSM V What were some changes made The DSM V has all the criteria to label people with disorders and their treatments The new V edition got rid of diagnostic labelling schizophrenia bipolar categories are narrower and Asperger s has been eliminated it is now only autism This book lists symptoms personality medical conditions psychosocial environment and level of functioning What was the old term for schizophrenia The old term for schizophrenia was dementia praecox which meant youthful brain deterioration What does schizophrenia mean The new term means the splitting of thoughts and feelings but this does not mean split personality disorder What is schizophrenia Schizophrenia has disturbed thinking particularly perceptual thinking In some cases hallucinations which are sensory experiences without stimulus input and delusions which are inaccurate beliefs Attentional gating deficit is in some which