PSYC 1315 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I Development A Fel s Longitudinal Studies B Definition of Longitudinal Studies C Definition of Cross Section Studies II Fetal Studies A Heart Deceleration B Studies of Early Infancy C Fetal Subject III Bower s Infant Studies A Reasoning and Perception B Definition of Object Permanence IV Temperament V Emergence of Self Concept VI Gender Identity and Behavior A Intelligence B Piaget Intellectual Development Outline of Current Lecture I Kohlberg s Stages of Moral Development II Adolescent Brains III Judith Rich Harris IV Michael Lewis V Romanian Orphans VI Maturation VII Motivation A Definition of Homeostasis B Homeostatic Drives VIII Hunger Motivation A Hypothalamus B Brainstem C Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus IX Thirst A Osmotic B Hypovolemic Thirst These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Current Lecture l Kohlberg s first stage of moral development was reward and punishment His second one was obedience and peer approval and his third was sophisticated ethical and moral perspective ll Adolescents exaggerate rewarding consequences more than the reality of getting a reward They do not have impulse control so they can t control their impulses because their prefrontal cortex is not fully matured during adolescence Teens are less able to inhibit behavior than adults and risky behavior in teens reflects their different perception of risk compared to adults lll Judith Rich Harris is a psychologist and an author She argues that what shapes us now isn t our parents but is other adolescent peers She won the George Miller award for this contribution and Miller was the very man who said she couldn t do it She argued that adolescent behavior was limited to your family but with their adolescent peer group they behave differently lV Michael Lewis is an infant psychologist He believes it s the current social context that s very influential in determining personality characteristics He believes that early experience isn t as influential as previously thought He found that there was not a strong correlation between the quality of early bonding and attachment and psychological adjustment at 18 V Psychologists have studied a group of Romanian orphans that experienced very little affection and attention during infancy They exhibited intellectual impairment as well as impaired social skills Children who had only dealt with this for 2 years before being adopted did well in social skills but had difficulty forming intimate social experiences Children who had around 6 7 years of this showed devastating consequences psychologically Vl The ability to mature emerges independent of learning experiences and extra training could be counterproductive making the child hate what you re forcing them to do early than they can Identical twins with and without training mastered stair climbing at almost the same time Vll Motivation is a state that energizes and directs behavior A Homeostasis is a steady state of physiological equilibrium B A homeostatic drive is direct behavior toward maintaining various physiological systems with a certain range Some homeostatic drives are hunger thirst and body temperature maintenance Non homeostatic drives consists of sexual motivation and exploratory motivation Vlll Hunger motivation consists of the detection of physiological need search behavior recognition of needed item and then ingestion A The hypothalamus consist of 3 things for hunger motivation 1 Single neurons excited by low blood glucose 2 Single neurons active during search for needed item 3 Single neurons excited by the identification of the needed item B The brainstem causes neuronal units to be active during food ingestion C The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus participates in the regulation of body weight by regulating meal duration and hours when eating occurs This determines when we eat and our caloric intake If this were damaged we d eat night and day causing obesity lX A Osmotic thirst is when we lick a lot of salt we have a higher concentration of electrolytes such as sodium in extracellular fluid surrounding the cells This is located in the lateral preoptic area of the hypothalamus B Hypovolemic thirst is thirst motivation caused by lowered blood volume This is located in the subfornical organ Anticipating Behaviors we typically eat long before we experience a substantial drop in our blood sugar and drink before major dehydration