PSYC 1315 1st Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture I Memory A Definition of the engram B Memory Systems II Processes involved in Memory III Sperling s Study of Sensory Memory IV Short Term Memory Storage A Chunking B Serial Position Affect C Definition of Retroactive Interference D Definition of Proactive Interference E Definition of Distributed Practice F Definition of Massed Practice V Levels of Processing A Shallow B Deep VI Working Memory A Automatic Memory VII Memory for Negative Experiences VIII Procedural Memory IX Real and False Memories A Real Memories B False Memories X Retrieval Cues A External Cues B Internal Cues Outline of Current Lecture I Mnemonics II Thought A Definition of a concept B Formal Rules and Prototypes C Concepts III Problem Solving These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute A Algorithm B Heuristic IV Framing Effects A Definition of Functional Fixedness V Mental Set A Belief Perseverance VI Language A Definition of Phoneme B Definition of Morpheme C Definition of Syntax D Definition of Semantics VII Origins of Language A Skinner B Chomsky C Children VIII Animal Language A Monkeys B Parrots IX Intelligence A Reliability B Validity C Alfred Binet s Test D Stanford Binet Test Current Lecture l Mnemonics is where we place an item to be remembered in context and recall it better Method of Loci is when we place an item to be remembered in a certain location in the house Ex Dogliving room bike garage etc ll A Concept rule for categorizing objects or events B A formal rule is like a rule that states a triangle is a figure with 3 sides A prototype is the degree of similarity to an example A prototype of a bird is a robin However when using this prototype and viewing penguins they initially appear not to be birds C Concepts can be public private wide and narrow A public concept is understood and shared ex chair couch and stool furniture for sitting A private concept is a rule that is not shared or understood ex tire fish and pear objects with sanctifying grace A wide concept includes many items ex mammal A narrow concept includes few items ex cat lll A An algorithm is a formal rule that assures the correct answer Ex Length X Width Area If a car won t start an algorithmic solution involves a series of diagnostic tests that run with the computer examining every possibility B Heuristic is a rule of thumb that works or is perceived to work most of the time If a car won t start it s probably because the battery is over 3 years old Some heuristics are not valid like how people believe blonds to be dumber than others An availability heuristic is the immediacy and vividness of an event can exaggerate estimates of probability of it happening Ex an airplane crash alters our perception of the safety of air travel lV If a treatment has a 50 success rate we always choose this treatment over the 50 failure rate even though it s the same A Functional Fixedness is when you can only think of one use for an item V A mental set is the tendency to approach a problem in a particular way even when the approach is not affective A Belief perseverance is when someone believes something like babies cannot be born on the night of a full moon and no matter how much evidence is presented to prove you wrong you still believe this Vl Language are words and symbols it s creative and rule governed use of words A B C D Phoneme is the smallest distinctive sound in a language Morpheme is the smallest unit that carries meaning Syntax is the rules for combing words into sentences such as adjectives Semantics are the rules for deriving meaning like how different sentences can mean the same thing and how a sentence may be structurally correct but it holds no meaning Vll A Skinner claimed that he could explain the appearance of language through operant conditioning He believed this was the only driving force behind language acquisition B Chomsky believed in the language acquisition device Language stages occur in the same sequence in all children in all cultures at the same time C Babbling occurs in children who can hear vocal and in children who can t hear manual Children who can t hear often develop their own signing in absence of signing caretakers 6 month old infants can distinguish between the sounds of their native language and sounds of another language Infants were trained to look at a speaker when a change in sound occurs The look results in the appearance of a clown figure Vlll A There were many experiments with chimps to see if rearing them in a human environment and treating them like humans could help them gain language acquisition It was later discovered that chimps did not have vocal chords to do this However in the case of the monkey Washoe the Gardeners claimed they had taught him how to sign A man named Terrace claimed that they unintentionally cued him However Kanzi another monkey picked up signing from her mom with no cueing from humans It was concluded that sentence length increases dramatically in children from 2 4 but remains fixed in chimps B Alex the Grey Parrot learned the vocalization of English by observing his owner s interactions with other people and what she would call objects However it is still unknown how influential the unintentionally cueing was here lX Intelligence is the ability to learn from experience and the ability to adapt to the surrounding environment A Reliability is the consistent results from test to test Ex intelligence can be measured by dividing the circumference of the head by the length of the nose Reliable but not valid B Validity measures what is intended to be measured This typically means more than what tests can measure C Alfred Binet was commissioned by France to develop a means of identifying children who were unlikely to succeed in the regular school curriculum He developed a series of tests that he believed measured skills needed to perform well in regular classroom environments If a 6 year old child performed at the level of an 8 year old the child was considered to have a mental age of 8 with regard to intelligence D Stanford Binet test was an adaptation of Binet s test used for U S intelligent quotient calculated by dividing mental age by chronological age