PSYC 1315 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I Kohlberg s Stages of Moral Development II Adolescent Brains III Judith Rich Harris IV Michael Lewis V Romanian Orphans VI Maturation VII Motivation A Definition of Homeostasis B Homeostatic Drives VIII Hunger Motivation A Hypothalamus B Brainstem C Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus IX Thirst A Osmotic B Hypovolemic Thirst Outline of Current Lecture I Externality II Sexual Motivation III Achievement Motivation IV Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Motivation V Emotions A James Lange Theory B Cannon Bard Theory C Schacter s Two Factor Theory D Context E Patterns of Autonomic Nervous System VI Facial Feedback A Pencil Experiment B Botox C Postural Feedback VII Fear and Anxiety Current Lecture These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute l Externality for some people environmental food related stimuli exert a greater influence on food intake than in most people Subjects stayed in a room with no window or timepieces Time on the wall clock was manipulated while food was present When the fast clock arrived at 12 even though it may be 10 overweight people start showing an interest in the food ll Sexual Motivation in males are not strongly related to levels of sex hormones High medium and low male rats were given the same dose of testosterone following castration and they were still ranked high medium and low Sexual behavior in males is less hormone dependent than in females More complex brain species are less dependent upon sex hormones for display of sexual behavior lll Achievement motivation means the history of reward for success motivates individuals to seek opportunities for success The best achievers seek out moderately challenging tasks with a high chance of success The TAT test or the Thematic Aspiration Test tests this motivation lV Intrinsic Motivation is the motivation to do things without being rewarded so they do it because they want to Extrinsic motivation is when we are motivated by an external reward In some studies extrinsic motivation reduced intrinsic motivation V A The James Lange Theory stated that emotional feelings are dependent upon feedback from the sympathetic component of the autonomic nervous system B The Cannon Bard Theory stated that emotional feelings and bodily changes occur simultaneously There is no evidence of different physiological patterns associated with different emotions C Schacter s Two Factor Theory states that emotions are a product of our autonomic nervous system and other bodily changes that are the same for all emotions Specific feelings are related to cognitive input Autonomic system arousal depends on context Initial cognitive evaluation of context to produce arousal increase needed for experiencing emotion D Subjects were given adrenalin and assigned to a room with an angry or happy person Subjects reported emotions that were related to the behavior of the partner if they weren t informed on the effects of adrenalin E The patterns of the autonomic nervous system are consistent with the James Lange Theory There s been some evidence that there are different patterns of A N S activity associated with different emotions There were unique patterns found for anger disgust and sadness when measuring heart rate finger temp and vascular dilation Vl Facial expressions of emotional feelings are universal facial expressions for happiness fear disgust etc Some research suggests that different patterns of physiological activity are associated with specific facial expressions and related to emotional feelings A If you inhibit the facial expression of smiling by having subjects hold a pencil with their teeth while viewing a cartoon and the others were told to hold a pencil with their lips the kids who held it with their lips so they couldn t smile rated the cartoons less funny than the people who had the pencil in their teeth because they could actually smile B Facial Botox causes a slight delay in recognizing emotional expressions Facial Botox attenuates depression C There is some evidence that indicates that body posture changes can alter feelings Spinal injury patients don t report markedly diminished intensity or range of emotions Cognitive activity accounts for most of what we call emotions Cannon and Bard were about 80 correct and the other theories were 20 correct Vl The visual field deficit findings using fMRI measured amygdala activity when experiencing fear and anxiety Visual fear stimuli generates fear even though not seen Fear has a larger skin conductance than happiness Anger has a larger heart rate increase than happiness