PSYC 1315 1st Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I Operant Conditioning A B F Skinner B Ways to learn II Magazine Training III Partial Reinforcement A Partial Reward Schedule B DRO Schedule C Behavior Modification IV Observational Learning V Escape Avoidance Learning A Learned Helplessness B Conditional Emotional Response Outline of Current Lecture I Sensation A Transduction B Trichromatic Theory C Opponent Process Theory D Negative Afterimage II Hearing A Place Theory B Frequency Theory III Pain A Phasic B Tonic IV Descending Systems A Absolute Threshold B Just Noticeable Difference C Signal Detection Theory V Perception A Perceptual Constancy B Extrasensory Perception Current Lecture These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute l A Transduction is the conversion of different sensory outputs vision audition taste touch and smell to the common language of the nervous system the nerve impulse B The trichromatic theory involves the retina The retina has three types of cones red green and blue cone cells and our vision is a mixture of these C The opponent process theory are the cells in the thalamus that are organized as redgreen blue yellow and black white cells that help sharpen our color input D The negative afterimage supports the opponent process theory of color vision We construct our psychological world from physical energy inputs An input to the thalamic color cell inhibits activity of other color component When color input stops the inhibited component generates its color output ll A The place theory is when hearing above 5000 Hertz specific locations on basilar membrane are excited by specific frequencies B The frequency theory is when hearing up to 5000 Hertz the entire basilar membrane vibrates at the same frequency as the stimulus input lll A Phasic pain is the brief sharp and localized pain we feel This pain has large neurons that travel fast so it forces us to draw our body away from that sharp pain so it prevents further injury and pain B Tonic pain is long lasting dull and poorly localized It hurts a lot for a couple of minutes but then there is an 8 10 minute gap where the pain goes away briefly allowing us to hide and become less mobile so it can heal There are two types of tonic pain One is inflammatory due to inflammation and the other is neuropathic pain due to damage to nerve endings like severing skin This pain takes one year for the nerves to regrow and it is very painful lV Descending systems can influence input that typically yields pain A The absolute threshold is the value of a stimulus that in a series of up and down presentations results in a corrected detection 50 of the time This is different for other people and it s a characteristic that defines us B The size of the just noticeable difference or the J N D is a constant fraction of the size of the initial stimulus Based on the initial strength of the input it is always a constant fraction When experiencing pain our body adapts and becomes more resistant as pain increases Any value of a light stimulus must increase by 1 60 th for that change to be noticed C The signal detection theory can vary from time to time because of four different reasons One is called a hit and this is when we detect a stimulus that s there A miss is when it s there but we say it s not A false alarm is when we say something s there but it s not and a correct negative is when it s not there and we say it s not there A graph that can demonstrate this is called a receiver operating curve V Perception is the construction of a psychological world from sensory stimulation A A perceptual constancy or size constancy is the assessment of an object s size that remains constant in spite of changes in the size of the image on the retina Sometimes things go wrong Auto child pedestrian accidents are sometimes influenced by the size constancy effect In these cases a child was perceived to be an adult because of what they wore resulted in the child appearing to be further away and more accidents B Extrasensory perception is mental telepathy These studies try to figure out if one can really possess mental telepathy and so far no one can The success in the identification of one of four cards at a distant location must exceed 25 accuracy and these studies have yielded no evidence for extrasensory perception