PSYC 1315 1st Edition Lecture 19 Outline of Last Lecture I Types of Schizophrenic Symptoms A Disorganized B Undifferentiated C Catatonic D Paranoid II Explanations of Schizophrenia A Wrong Assumptions B Dopamine C Glutamate III Neurodevelopmental A Birth Brain Trauma B Cortex Cell Loss in Teens C Genetics D Schizophrenic Brain IV Schizo Affective Disorder V Treatment VI Autism A Emotionality B Brain Features C Therapeutic Interventions D Mirror Neurons Outline of Current Lecture I Bipolar Disorder A Mania B Depression C Glutamate and Lithium II Unipolar Disorder Depression A Endogenous B Hippocampal Cells C Learned Helplessness D Treatment E Controversy F Other Treatments These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Current Lecture l Bipolar Disorder has episodes of mania and depression Some people with this disorder have hypomania where they act bizarre and disorganized A Mania has moderate to extreme positive effects accelerated and tangential thinking logical thought deteriorates at extreme levels of mania Mood is extremely positive in hypomania and they re extremely unrealistic This destroys marriages families careers B Depression is moderate to extreme negative affect slowed thinking with negative content and slowed motor behavior This is not triggered by the environment but appears to reflect neurochemical change C Glutamate is too high in the manic phase and too low in the depression phase Lithium stabilizes levels of neurotransmitter Glutamate within a narrow range ll A Endogenous is depression from within This is triggered by neurochemical changes without environmental stimulus They are depressed without knowing why so they start looking for reasons B Hippocampal cell loss is associated with episodes of depression Time required for restoration of hippocampal cells may explain why antidepressants take weeks to have an effect Reactive depression is triggered by environment C Learned helplessness is the inability to control stress by any approach passive or active it can lead to a sense of helplessness and depression Treatment for this involves establishing a sense of control D Drug Therapy and serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as Zoloft Prozac and Paxil This increases the impact of lower levels of serotonin in the brain it draws back to the synapse slow down the reuptake so it stays in the synapse longer E The STARD project indicates that depressed individuals who don t show positive responses to initial antidepressant may respond to other types or classes of antidepressants or psychotherapy 30 in STARD project don t respond to drug or cognitive therapy F Electroconvulsive shock therapy which was originally used on people with schizophrenia with no results appears to work in some cases and can increase cell count in the hippocampus Deep brain stimulation is used for treatment of depression and they take very recent small samples Beck s Psychotherapy works as well as antidepressants