PSYC 1st Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture I Sensation A Transduction B Trichromatic Theory C Opponent Process Theory D Negative Afterimage II Hearing A Place Theory B Frequency Theory III Pain A Phasic B Tonic IV Descending Systems A Absolute Threshold B Just Noticeable Difference C Signal Detection Theory V Perception A Perceptual Constancy B Extrasensory Perception Outline of Current Lecture I Memory A Definition of the engram B Memory Systems II Processes involved in Memory III Sperling s Study of Sensory Memory IV Short Term Memory Storage A Chunking B Serial Position Affect C Definition of Retroactive Interference D Definition of Proactive Interference E Definition of Distributed Practice F Definition of Massed Practice V Levels of Processing These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute A Shallow B Deep VI Working Memory A Automatic Memory VII Memory for Negative Experiences VIII Procedural Memory IX Real and False Memories A Real Memories B False Memories X Retrieval Cues A External Cues B Internal Cues Current Lecture l A The engram is the unit of information to be stored simple or complex B Memory is split into two systems the Declarative Memory Systems factual information explicit memories and the Nondeclarative Procedural Memory Systems actions perceptual motor skills conditioned reflexes implicit memories An example of this is riding a bike Within the Declarative Memory System there is the Semantic Memory and the Episodic Memory Episodic Memory are dated recollections of personal experiences like a first kiss Semantic Memory is general knowledge and it stores undated memories like how Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address ll There are three main processes in memory Encoding is the snatching of a small portion of memories to hold Storage is the actual holding of this memory and retrieval is getting the memory back out Sensory Memory is the literal representation of anything coming into the senses and it has a brief survival time There is also Iconic Memory visual memory and Echoic Memory sound memory lll Sperling s Study of Sensory Memory involves fixation display tone and report A typical person can only remember 4 out of 12 images but can manipulate things to help them remember more lV A In short term memory we use chunking to gather more information Our short term memory can hold about 7 units of information simple or complex If we can hold something for 30 seconds to a minute we can remember it but other information is gone We group information and organize it so we can keep it in our permanent memory B The Serial Position Affect is when we can remember the first part of something and the last part but we lose a lot of the middle C Retroactive Interference new learning interferes with old D Proactive Interference old learning interferes with new E Distributed Practice works for long term memory when we study for a long period of time in little pieces F Massed Practice works for short term memory when we study for short period of time and for longer V A When looking at an object we tend to associate a shallow memory with it Like a red bird B However sometimes we associate a deep association like how the bird prefers sunflower seeds has a crest and that the male has a bright red color This processing helps us to recall more when we embed in context Vl Working memory is the interaction of sensory short term and long term memory A Automatic memory records the duration time location and frequency We can remember some things automatically without trying this memory is very stable This memory doesn t require conscious effort Vll Memory recall of negative material can be blocked by propranolol which can block the bad memories in the amygdala When we actively remember bad things they can be obliterated by prescription drugs Vlll Procedural Memory like in the case of H M is day to day improvement in solving mechanical puzzle having no recollection of seeing the puzzle before lX A Elizabeth Loftus demonstrated that false memories can be created by telling children false facts about past events just by changing one word in a sentence different memories were created B Some recovery of repressed memories may be due to unintentional prompting and reinforcement in therapy Some recovered repressed memories offered in court cases have been proven to be false Recent EEG brain waves studies have reported patterns for real and false memories X A An external retrieval cue involves visual auditory and other inputs from the external environment B Internal cues are physiological events caused by hormones drugs and other internal changes We learn and recall better with the same learning environment we ve studied in before