PSYC 1315 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I Stanford Binet Test II Wechsler Test III IQ A Deviation IQ B Wechsler s IQ Measure IV Raven s Test V School Performance VI Sternberg VII Gardner VIII Genetics of Intelligence IX Intelligence and Age A Fluid Intelligence B Crystallized Intelligence Outline of Current Lecture I Development A Fel s Longitudinal Studies B Definition of Longitudinal Studies C Definition of Cross Section Studies II Fetal Studies A Heart Deceleration B Studies of Early Infancy C Fetal Subject III Bower s Infant Studies A Reasoning and Perception B Definition of Object Permanence IV Temperament V Emergence of Self Concept VI Gender Identity and Behavior A Intelligence B Piaget Intellectual Development Current Lecture l These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute A Samuel Fels established Fels Institute in a small village in Ohio Here he studied the correlation between early childhood behaviors and experiences and adult characteristics Early aggressiveness predicted adult aggressiveness in men but not girls Girls who were aggressive as children were not aggressive later at 18 because their culture suppressed it Low correlations have challenged the belief that childhood strongly influences adult behavior B A longitudinal study is extremely sensitive because it studies the same individuals over a long period of time C A cross sectional study is not as sensitive because it studies different groups at different ages ll Classical conditioning of a fetal startle response to vibration CS that was initially evoked by loud sound UCS There is no startle response initially and over time we develop a no startle response through classical conditioning Operant learning simple responses like sucking patterns can be altered with reward A A novel stimuli evokes a brief 8 beat slowing of the heart rate orienting a response that causes us to be very focused on an event and analyze if it s a threat or no threat If we keep doing sudden things with infants they ll be surprised every time because they can t remember anything over 20 seconds but as they get older this interval increases B In studies of early infancy they use a visual gaze time and heart rate response to novel stimuli Their gaze time assesses preferences for visual stimuli C The heart rate variations of a fetal subject as a mother listens to preferred and nonpreferred music shows how the psychological state of the mother can influence the fetal heart rate lll A Bower s Infant Studies included a box collision study At 2 weeks infants show a protective reflex to the approaching box this reflects some hard wiring A 2 weeks infants when viewing a suspended object through special goggles are surprised they can t touch the object At 4 months infants focused on different properties of the object as compared to older children They focused on the motion of the object while older kids focused on color and size B Object permanence means that before 6 months objects that are out of their sight are out of their mind lV At four months a loud rattle will either make some kids freak out or make some kids unresponsive At 2 years the children who freaked out were the opposite they are shy don t want stimulation and have low reactivity If they were unresponsive they will be more active and wild at 2 till the rest of their life V In a rouge nose study experimenters put rouge on a 9 month olds nose and had them look in the mirror The 9 month old ignored the rouge and at 12 months some noticed and by 24 months all of them noticed the rouge n their nose through the mirror Vl Around age 4 there is a sense of gender and gender appropriate behavior emerges Children are motivated to look at kids of the same sex There is no direct tuition no literal imitation of models but there is a gradual construction of a prototype of boy or girl A Whatever we measure with intelligence tests is something dynamic that can change from childhood to adulthood 10 of kids will show a 20 point change in their IQ prior to age 18 B Piaget constructed 4 stages that humans go through Stage 1 sensorimotor period birth to 2 years at this time there is coordination of sensory input and motor responses and a development of object permanence From years 2 7 during Stage 2 the preoperational period there is development of symbolic thought marked by irreversibility decentration and egocentrism only view things from your perspective not others During Stage 3 from 7 11 year olds the concrete operational period mental operations are applied to concrete events there is a mastery of conservation and hierarchical classification During Stage 4 the formal operation period which is from 11 adulthood mental operations are applied to abstract ideas and there is logical systematic thinking