PSYC 1315 1st Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture I Social Support II Frakenhauser s Studies III Abnormal Behavior A Normal B Personality Disorder C Psychotic IV Institutionalization V Diagnostic and Statistic Manual VI Schizophrenia A Positive Symptoms B Negative Symptoms C Process Schizophrenia D Reactive Schizophrenia Outline of Current Lecture I Types of Schizophrenic Symptoms A Disorganized B Undifferentiated C Catatonic D Paranoid II Explanations of Schizophrenia A Wrong Assumptions B Dopamine C Glutamate III Neurodevelopmental A Birth Brain Trauma B Cortex Cell Loss in Teens C Genetics D Schizophrenic Brain IV Schizo Affective Disorder V Treatment VI Autism A Emotionality B Brain Features These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute C Therapeutic Interventions D Mirror Neurons Current Lecture l These types are now known to not work because schizophrenic people can display one or many of these symptoms they don t just fit into one of these categories A Disorganized Silly incoherent bizarre and displays hallucinations B Undifferentiated withdrawal lack of social interaction and passive The display a mixture of positive and negative symptoms although primarily negative C Catatonic stuporous reduced movement waxy flexibility and agitated uncontrollable motor and verbal behavior sometimes dangerous D Paranoid delusions of persecution of grandeur delusions can be simple or complex and organized or disorganized ll A People used to think Schizophrenia was caused by the family environment or the biochemical taraxein which was a flawed research with no replication B They now discovered Dopamine is a major payer There is an increase in dopamine and dopamine receptors in the brains of schizophrenics and an increase in dopaminergic activity in response to methamphetamine produces temporarily schizophrenic symptoms in normal subjects C A low level of Glutamate due to few glutamate receptors is in their brains as well Reduction of glutamate activity by blocking receptors with ketamine results in temporary schizophrenic symptoms in normal subjects lll A Neurological damage at birth may lead to schizophrenia later in life People with schizophrenia have a higher probability of having had this B There has been a reduction in cell count in the cortex when young teens show signs of schizophrenia Pruning may be excessive in early onset schizophrenia C There is a high identical twin concordance If one twin displays schizophrenic symptoms there is a much higher incidence of symptoms in the other twin than in non identical twins or other siblings The rate is no greater than 50 Genetic disposition must interact with some non genetic factor for schizophrenia to appear D Schizophrenics have an enlarged cerebral ventricles which suggest less brain volume They also have a smaller prefrontal cortex thalamus and hippocampus lV Schizo Affective Disorder is a combination of the disorder schizophrenia and a disturbance of mood usually depression Mood symptoms must precede the appearance of schizophrenic symptoms for people to have this V Drugs that reduce dopamine activity are helpful in reducing positive symptoms The drugs are haloperidol and thorazine New drugs are atypicals which affect dopamine serotonin such as clozapine Clozaril and olanzapine Seroquel reported to reduce positive negative and cognitive symptoms Vl 1 68 people have autism and it s becoming more frequent A People who have sever autism have motor control repetitive behaviors impaired emotional processing and impaired communication B The cerebellum has motor skill deficits and is smaller than usual The amygdala has impaired fear processing impaired facial expressions interpretation and production and it is abnormal in size and cellular organization These people have not enough pruning At age 6 it s very large but by age 16 other kids have caught up in amygdala size The prefrontal cortex has perseverative activity inability to shift attention and abnormal activity as measured by MRI C Therapeutic Interventions facilitated communication a keyboard was used to facilitate communication with hand guidance by therapist There is no scientific support of this because the source of communication was shown to be the therapists Now there is intensive behavioral therapy use of reward to modify or create behaviors improvements in some behaviors compensate for lack of acquiring behaviors by observational learning D In autistic people mirror neurons that respond to their own movements don t respond when same movements are performed by another person this means they have to learn how to do things directly One study reports mirror neurons appear to improve later in life